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diagnosis differential causes hyperkalemia treatment hypokalemia algorithm high low rhabdomyolysis alkalosis cerebritis cns encephalopathy erythematosus gitelman hypomagnesemia k lupus magnesium
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift: • Alkalosis • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation • Erythropoiesis
Transcellular Shift ... • Refeeding syndrome ... Losses Non-renal ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology ... #low #potassium
Hyperkalemia Treatment Options Stabilize cardiac membrane: • IV Calcium (peaks 5-10 minutes) Decrease potassium concentration: • IV Fluids Shift
minutes) Decrease potassium ... • IV Fluids Shift ... (if preserved renal ... #Hyperkalemia #management ... #potassium #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
of hypokalemia starts ... gastrointestinal K loss • Renal ... hypokalemia • Renal ... algorithm #causes #nephrology ... #potassium
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
• Recent IV potassium ... Intracellular Shift ... - Tumor lysis syndrome ... - Hyperosmolar states ... #high #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
• Recent IV potassium ... Intracellular Shift ... - Tumor lysis syndrome ... - Hyperosmolar states ... #high #nephrology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis and Management Summary Trauma: • Immobilization, Crush iniury, Compartment syndrome, Electrical injury Exertional: •
Diagnosis and Management ... iniury, Compartment syndrome ... Drugs (Statins), ... Shift of extracellular ... Monitor potassium
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
Framework and Management ... Toxins - Drugs - Statins ... Shift of extracellular ... Monitor potassium ... causes #treatment #nephrology
Causes of Hypomagnesemia • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
steatorrhea) • Renal ... osmotic diuresis, Potassium ... Tubulointerstitial renal ... Hypercalcemic states ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L • Gastric alkalosis:
chloridorrhea) • Status ... diuretics after renal ... generally indicates a renal ... other • Severe potassium ... Diagnosis #Causes #nephrology
CNS Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Clinical Manifestations: Demyelinating Syndrome, Headache, Movement disorders, Seizure disorders, Aseptic
Demyelinating Syndrome ... Secondary prevention (statin ... Erythematosus #SLE #CNS #neurology ... #rheumatology # ... cerebritis #diagnosis #management
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