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differential hypokalemia alkalosis aspirin chloride comparison effects hyperkalemia hypernatremia hyponatremia hypotonic lactated lr management metabolic normal ns pharmacology physiologic ringers
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine Urine K+
Urine K+ <13 mEq ... creatinine) • Cell shift ... HCO3- • Low Urine ... #algorithm #diagnosis ... #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
A urine K/Cr ratio ... urinary losses: • High ... #Hypokalemia #diagnosis ... #potassium #nephrology ... #low
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L High
water loss, Serum Sodium ... >145 mmol/L High ... mannitol, glucosuria Low ... Hypernatremia #Nephrology ... #Algorithm #Causes
Salicylate Toxicity - Diagnosis and Management Consider if: 1) Patient is hot and altered 2) You see tachypnea with
no respiratory cause ... Hearing loss, Dizziness ... Lactate, Low Potassium ... Resuscitation 2) Urine ... 4.5 mmol/L 4) K
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
alkalosis • Normal/low ... the indicated causes ... and potassium acid ... #Algorithm #nephrology ... #differential #diagnosis
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
normal volume-based algorithm ... Urine Na+K / serum ... diuresis can be high ... #differential #diagnosis ... #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Decreased intake (rare cause in isolation) GI loss - Urine loss
Algorithm Decreased ... isolation) GI loss - Urine ... Transcellular shift ... #Hypokalemia #Nephrology ... #Algorithm #Causes
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison Composition of LR: • Sodium 130 mEq/L •
130 mEq/L • Potassium ... trial • Minimal K ... transcellular shift ... densa receives high ... Decreased GFR, urine
Pragmatic diagnostic algorithm for hypokalemia. ***Typical presentations: • Vomiting: urine Na/Cl > 1.6, low urine
Na/Cl > 1.6, low ... Na/Cl < 0.7, high ... K/creatinine (Cr ... correcting serum potassium ... #nephrology
Causes of Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework • Cellular Shift: - Exercise
Framework • Cellular Shift ... to Aldosterone: K ... distal tubule sodium ... #Causes #potassium ... #high
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