16 results
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
/low blood pressure ... , a high urine chloride ... settings, the urine sodium ... the excretion of sodium ... #differential #
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Extra-renal Losses: • Normal ... • Metabolic acidosis ... Syndrome • HTN, High ... #nephrology
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
Ringers (LR) vs Normal ... 1.5 mEq/L • Chloride ... Is Dangerous in Hyperkalemia ... densa receives high ... decreased renal blood flow
Normal Anion-Gap Acidosis (NAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Workup

NAGMA
- Chem, ABG or VBG
- Calculate Anion
) - Differential ... Chloride Intoxication ... • Serum K high ... - Diarrhea - High ... Diagnosis #Workup #nephrology
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypertensive:
 • High Al, Low R - Primary aldosteronism
 • High Al, High
Hypokalemia Differential ... Hyperplasia • Normal ... Al, Normal R - ... #Differential # ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... Causes of High-anion ... loads (ammonium chloride ... #differential # ... diagnosis #causes #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
thiazide-sensitive sodium ... Metabolic alkalosis • Normal ... or low blood pressure ... ratio 0.5%) Differential ... Renal tubular acidosis
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine
Urine K+
patients with hypokalemia ... Liddle syndrome Low-normal ... • Distal RTA Low-normal ... urine #potassium #differential ... algorithm #diagnosis #nephrology
Low Anion Gap - Various causes and mechanisms of a Low Anion Gap
 • Hypoalbuminemia (1gm
anion gap) • Normal ... anion gap acidosis ... • High Calcium ... AnionGap #causes #differential ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
urinary losses: • High ... /Normal Blood Pressure ... - Metabolic acidosis ... diagnosis #Algorithm #differential ... #low