24 results
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
nephrolithiasis • Symptoms ... for renal biopsy ... and referral to Urology ... if cause not identified ... Algorithm #Workup #urology
Varicocele: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
Primary:
 - Anatomically: the left spermatic vein drains into the left renal
into the left renal ... retroperitoneal masses ... #Varicocele #Pathophysiology ... #Signs #Symptoms ... #Urology #Diagnosis
Dizziness and Vertigo Algorithm
Presyncope:
 • Feels "faint" or like they are going to "pass out"
 •
"pass out" • Symptoms ... spinning" • Symptoms ... Associated with nausea ... Dysequilibrium: • Feels unable ... differential #diagnosis #neurology
Generalized Seizures and Pseudoseizures
Generalized seizures "are conceptualized as originating as some point within, and rapidly engaging,
general seizure caused ... and metabolic causes ... Classification #Diagnosis #Neurology ... #Signs #Symptoms ... #Comparison
TRALI vs TACO - Transfusion Reactions
TRALI:
 • Epidemiology: 0.1% of transfused patientsl
 • Risk factors: Critical
blood donor • Pathophysiology ... without other cause ... ARDS to explain symptoms ... hematology #diagnosis #comparison ... #table
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis:
 • Trauma:
	- Immobilization
	- Crush injury
	- Compartment
Management Summary Causes ... : • Triad of symptoms ... urine • Other symptoms ... per day until stable ... #treatment #nephrology
Sarcoidosis - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Epidemiology
1) High incidence in Scandinavian countries (11-24 cases per 100,000 individuals
survival is 93-95% Pathophysiology ... , and possibly renal ... Features: • Many symptoms ... patients have no symptoms ... Self-limiting, chronic but stable
Alexia Without Agraphia
Alexia without agraphia is a disconnection syndrome where patients cannot read but can write.
the most common cause ... to read but able ... Pathophysiology: ... Agraphia #clinical #neurology ... #diagnosis #pathophysiology
Differentiating NBTE from Infective Endocarditis
No pathognomonic signs/symptoms or echo features that are specific to NBTE, and
pathognomonic signs/symptoms ... Blood cultures/serology ... Blood cultures/serology ... in up to 30% of cases ... #Endocarditis #comparison
Neurological Manifestations of Tuberculosis
Spinal Arachnoiditis & Polyradiculopathy:
 • Subacute onset of limb weakness, bladder/bowel dysfunction, muscle
Worsening of previous neurologic ... symptoms, fever ... tuberculoma (later stage ... • Caused by immune ... differential #TB #neurology