93 results
Stress Fracture: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
Abnormal biomechanics, Repetitive impact activities
=> Repetitive subthreshold mechanical loading
=> Bone strain
=>
mechanical loading => Bone ... strain => Bone ... #orthopedics #pathophysiology ... #symptoms #signs
Retinoblastoma: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Sporadic mutation -> One allele of RB1 tumor suppressor gene
Sporadic mutation -> One ... gene mutated in one ... Inherited mutation -> One ... Retinoblastoma #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology
Migraine with Aura
Diagnostic Criteria (ICHD-3):
A) At least 2 attacks fulfilling criteria B and C:
B) One or
criteria B and C: B) One ... • At least one ... • At least one ... • At least one ... diagnosis #criteria #neurology
Nephron Pathophysiology Study Guide 

- Proximal Tubule
- Loop of Henle
- Distal Tubule
- Collecting Duct

The Kidney Zone

#Nephron
Nephron Pathophysiology ... The Kidney Zone ... #Nephron #Nephrology ... #Pathophysiology
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
Phosphate Physical Symptoms ... signs, Fragile bones ... easily/weakness, Bone ... pain Psychiatric Symptoms ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Cushing's Reflex - Pathophysiology
HYPERTENSION with a reflex BRADYCARDIA
 → ↑ ICP 
 → ↓ CBF
 →
Cushing's Reflex - Pathophysiology ... → ↑ Vasomotor tone ... Cushings #Reflex #Pathophysiology ... #neurology #nsg
Osteoporosis: Pathogenesis and risk factors

 • Age > 30 (post-peak bone mass)
 • Post-menopausal women ->
30 (post-peak bone ... Decr estrogen • Bone ... #Osteoporosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms
Osteoarthritis (OA): Clinical findings
 • Stimulation of joint nociceptors in subchondral bone -> Pain with loading
in subchondral bone ... architecture -> Palpable bony ... contact between bony ... Osteoarthritis #OA #pathophysiology ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms
Simultagnosia on Physical Exam (Balint Syndrome)

The patient can recognize objects one at a time but cannot
Simultagnosia on ... recognize objects one ... clinical #video #neurology ... #ophthalmology
Differentiating Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) From Vestibular Neuritis-Labyrinthitis
BENIGN PAROXYSMAL POSITIONAL VERTIGO
 • Age: More common
Hearing loss: None ... • Frequency of symptoms ... one side only with ... Hearing loss: None ... Labyrinthitis #diagnosis #neurology