33 results
Keratoconus: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Genetics
 • Family history of keratoconus
 • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
 • Down, Turner,
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome ... • Down, Turner ... , Marfan syndromes ... #Keratoconus #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology
Leukostasis vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Leukostasis:
 • Pathophysiology: Large, immature blasts and high WBC count cause hyperviscosity
Lysis Syndrome ... Leukostasis: • Pathophysiology ... WBC >100k, + lab signs ... • Pathophysiology ... TLS #diagnosis #management
Retinoblastoma: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Sporadic mutation -> One allele of RB1 tumor suppressor gene
allele of RB1 tumor ... Retinoblastoma Signs ... Retinoblastoma #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology ... #diagnosis #signs
Important Causes of Diplopia 
TIER 1-CRITICAL
Basilar artery thrombosis, Botulism, Basilar meningitis, Aneurysmn
TIER 2-EMERGENT:
Vertebral dissection, Myasthenia gravis,
, Orbital apex syndrome ... URGENT: Brainstem tumor ... Miller-Fisher syndrome ... mass #Diplopia #differential ... #diagnosis #ophthalmology
Isocoria - Pupillary Defects - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Relative Afferent Pupil Defect
 • Optic Neuritis
 • Ischemic
Pupillary Defects - Differential ... Midbrain (Parinaud's Syndrome ... ): • Tumor • ... Pupils #Defects #Differential ... Algorithm #Causes #Ophthalmology
Hypermagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism
Renal Failure 
Excessive Mg Administration 
 - Massive PO intake
Mechanisms - Tumor ... lysis syndrome ... Hypermagnesemia #Differential ... Table #Causes #Management
Adie's Pupil
What? Unknown nature & benign
 • Regular and mildly dilated pupil (4-6mm);
 • Light-near dissociaton;
Holmes-Adie Syndrome ... Young females Differential ... trauma/orbital tumor ... PhysicalExam #neurology #ophthalmology
Behçet's Syndrome
Systemic disease associated with inflammation of multiple organs, small-vessel vasculitis and large-vessel vasculopathy
Epidemiology:
 • Young
Behcet disease) Differential ... interferon alfa, or tumor ... inhibitors • Uveitis- Ophthalmology ... #diagnosis #management ... #signs #symptoms
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis and Management Summary

Trauma:
 • Immobilization, Crush iniury, Compartment syndrome, Electrical injury
Exertional:
 •
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential ... Diagnosis and Management ... iniury, Compartment syndrome ... Dermatomyositis) AKI - Pathophysiology ... #Diagnosis #Management
Refeeding Syndrome Overview

What Is It?
	• Electrolyte/fluid shifts caused by initiation of nutrition in severely malnourished patient.
Refeeding Syndrome ... • Tumor-induced ... • Nephrotic syndrome ... #Nutrition #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Pathophysiology