32 results
Non-cirrhotic Hyperammonemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Hematologic & Vascular:
 • Multiple myeloma & Acute leukemia (plasma cells
Hyperammonemia - Differential ... Infections: • Urease-producing ... retention Unmasked Urea ... - TPN, GI bleeding ... #Diagnosis #Pathophysiology
Schematic representation of the major sources of ammonia production and its excretory pathway (GI = gastrointestinal,
although hepatic causes ... - Inherited Urea ... of ammonia: - Urease ... deficiency #Ammonia #Pathophysiology ... Hyperammonemia #Differential
ED Treatment of 
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding 

Hemodynamically unstable 
Resuscitation 
 • ABCs! 
 • Fluids +
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding ... pregnancy related cause ... thromboembolic disease, breast ... endometrial path0100' or breast ... #Management #Obstetrics
Proptosis - Differential Diagnosis - Unilateral vs Bilateral
Unilateral:
 • Infections (can become bilateral with cavernous sinus
Proptosis - Differential ... - Metastatic (breast ... #Proptosis #Differential ... Unilateral #Bilateral #Causes ... #ophthalmology
Anisocoria - Pupillary Defects - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Physiological - Simple Anisocoria ( <O.5mm)
 - Anisocoria equal
Pupillary Defects - Differential ... • Tumor (Lung, Breast ... Pupils #Defects #Differential ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes ... #Ophthalmology
Bleeding manifestations 
Petechiae are small, flat, red, discrete areas of skin bleeding that are typically <2
red, discrete areas ... occur in dependent areas ... follow dependent areas ... ecchymosis) is caused ... VWF:RCo/VWF:Ag (differentiate
Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Mild Non-proliferative DR
 • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
Hemorrhages • Focal areas ... ischemia -> Venous beading ... retinal ischemia causes ... Retinopathy #Diabetes #ophthalmology ... complications #pathophysiology
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
hyalinization causes ... white or yellow areas ... around atrophic areas ... #Retinopathy #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Overview

Increased Clotting and Consumption of Clotting Factors

Findings:
 • Bleeding
 • Recent history
protein C and S Pathophysiology ... Treatment: • Treat ... primary cause ... Coagulation #diagnosis #causes ... #treatment #management
Ketosis Disorders
Ketone bodies are a normal metabolic energy source. Excessive unregulated production of ketones, often accompanied
Treat concomitant ... ketoacidosis (DKA) - caused ... Glucosuria causes ... Disorders #ketones #differential ... #diagnosis #management