8 results
Hyponatremia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Utilizing Uric Acid 
ADH promotes Urea/uric acid excretion along with water
ADH promotes Urea ... Uric Acid - Low ... Uric Acid → SIADH ... #nephrology #sodium ... #low #uricacid
Volume Based Approach to Hyponatremia
Hypovolemic, Serum uric acid >4
 • Urine Na <20: Extra-renal losses
 •
uric acid <4 • SIADH ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... #Hyponatremia #algorithm ... #diagnosis #sodium ... #low #nephrology
Modified Hyponatremia Algorithm
Hypertonic Hyponatremia: Hyperglycemia, Mannitol, Urologic irrigants
Hypotonic Hyponatremia: 
 • ADH ON (UOsm > 100):
Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... OFF (UNa > 30): SIADH ... Primary polydipsia, Low ... #diagnosis #sodium ... #nephrology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia
The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
normal volume-based algorithm ... , Renal Sodium loss ... can be high or low ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
Gitelman Syndrome ... thiazide-sensitive sodium ... alkalosis • Normal or low ... #nephrology #management ... #pathophysiology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
Urinary Chloride Algorithm ... alkalosis • Normal/low ... , Gitelman syndrome ... the excretion of sodium ... #nephrology #differential
Hyponatremia - Differential Algorithm
Isotonic Hyponatremia: Hyperlipidemia, Hyperproteinemia, Recent TURP
Hypotonic Hyponatremia: 
 • Hypovolemia: Diuretics/Nephropathies, Vomiting, Diarrhea,
- Differential Algorithm ... • Euvolemia: SIADH ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic Syndrome ... diagnosis #causes #nephrology ... #sodium #low
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND)

Definition:
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive disorders categories:
• Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment
• Mild neurocognitive impairment
• HIV dementia

Pathophysiology:
HIV frequently
HIV dementia Pathophysiology ... barrier (BBB), and infects ... ARVs can have low ... volume • Patchy areas ... The clinical syndrome