9 results
Localization of Renal Tubular Defects
Fanconi Syndrome: Proximal tubule
Bartter Syndrome: Thick ascending loop of Henle
Gitelman Syndrome: Distal
Renal Tubular Defects ... tubule #Liddle ... Localization #Nephron #Defects ... #Pathophysiology ... #Nephrology
Inherited Defects in Kidney Tubule Epithelial Cells

Renal glucosuria - Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter
Cystinuria - Amino acid transporter
Bartter
Inherited Defects ... acid transporter Bartter ... Epithelial #Inherited #Defects ... #Kidney #Nephrology ... #Differential #Table
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine
Urine K+
↑ Aldosterone: Kidney ... mineralocorticoid excess, Liddle ... Non-reabsorbable anion effect ... Mg2+ deficiency, Bartter ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Side Effects of the Neobladder - Pathophysiology
 • Hercalciuria → Kidney Stones
 • Bone Resorption →
Side Effects of ... the Neobladder - Pathophysiology ... Hercalciuria → Kidney ... • Salt Loss Syndrome ... Absorption of NH4+,Urea
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm ... differentiating kidney ... mineralocorticoid excess, Liddle's ... Emesis, Diuretics, Bartter ... differential #potassium #nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
Urinary Chloride Algorithm ... diuretic use, Bartter ... syndrome, Gitelman ... mineralocorticoid-like effect ... #nephrology #differential
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis
ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L
 • Gastric alkalosis:
tubule diuretic effect ... deficiency • Liddle ... tubule reabsorptive defect ... actively working • Bartter ... Diagnosis #Causes #nephrology
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND)

Definition:
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive disorders categories:
• Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment
• Mild neurocognitive impairment
• HIV dementia

Pathophysiology:
HIV frequently
HIV dementia Pathophysiology ... (BBB), and infects ... the blood-brain barrier ... volume • Patchy areas ... The clinical syndrome
Vasculitis - Differential Diagnosis Framework

When to Consider Vasculitis:
• Purpura, ischemic skin lesions
• Mononeuritis multiplex
• Hematuria, proteinuria,
claudication, pulse deficits ... most commonly affects ... musculoskeletal systems • Kidneys ... white and gray matter ... Vasculitis): • Affects