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differential algorithm nephrotic proteinuria renal syndrome blood hematuria nephritic atlas chloride classification comparison cushings diseases diuresis diuretics endocrinology excretion glomerulonephritis
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings • Epithelial cells - Normal • Renal tubular cells - Acute
• White cell casts ... infection • Hyaline casts ... disease • Granular casts ... crystals may indicate metabolic ... #nephrology #casts
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis ... • Evidence of glomerular ... proteinuria, RBC casts ... → Refer to Nephrology ... and referral to Urology
Glomerular Diseases - Nephritic and Nephrotic Syndromes Nephritic syndrome—due to GBM disruption. Hypertension. t BUN and creatinine.
Glomerular Diseases ... RBC casts in urine ... but in severe cases ... #Proteinuria #Nephrology ... #Diagnosis
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
- Differential Diagnosis ... hematuria: - RBC casts ... → Diagnostic of ... #causes #urology ... #nephrology #renal
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Primary Metabolic ... Alkalosis - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... (late) • High Urine ... #Nephrology #Causes
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
Metabolic Alkalosis ... the indicated causes ... #Metabolic #Alkalosis ... #Algorithm #nephrology ... #differential #diagnosis
Nephritic vs Nephrotic Syndrome Step 1: If the patient has hematuria and/or proteinuria, think about nephrotic/nephritic syndromes. Step
the patient have glomerular ... hematuria (RBC casts ... dysmorphic RBCs in urine ... Comparison #Algorithm #Nephrology ... #Diagnosis
Causes of Proteinuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Persistent Proteinuria >150mg/d protein present on repeat testing including overnight
Causes of Proteinuria ... - Differential Diagnosis ... • Drugs Glomerular ... sediment - WBC/RBC casts ... #Proteinuria #Nephrology
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L • Gastric alkalosis:
Causes of Metabolic ... Diagnosis ECF ... volume contracted: urine ... #Diagnosis #Causes ... #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
A urine K/Cr ratio ... • Diarrhea A urine ... Alkalosis: Emesis ... #Hypokalemia #diagnosis ... differential #potassium #nephrology
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