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diagnosis differential algorithm hypokalemia management workup blood chloride gitelman hematuria metabolicalkalosis pathophysiology syndrome treatment abg acid acidbase alkaliintake atlas barttersyndrome
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Primary Metabolic ... Cl-: Diuretics, ... hyperaldosteronism • High PRA: Renal ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Nephrology ... #Causes
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Volume Depleted 2° hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting, NGT
Primary Metabolic ... Alkalosis - Differential ... Cl-: Diuretics, ... hyperaldosteronism • High PRA: Renal ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L • Gastric alkalosis:
Causes of Metabolic ... after renal tubule ... generally indicates a renal ... #Diagnosis #Causes ... #nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
Metabolic Alkalosis ... loop or thiazide diuretics ... the indicated causes ... #Metabolic #Alkalosis ... #Algorithm #nephrology
Hypochloremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Cause - Decreased Intake: • Low salt in diet • Exclusive D5W
alkalosis - Fistulas ... - Diarrhea • RENAL ... LOSS: - Diuresis ... metabolic alkalosis ... Pathophysiology #Nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... losses, Diuretic ... tubal acidosis and metabolic ... alkalosis, Ketonuria ... #nephrology
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
or dipstick) Glomerular ... of Glomerular Bleeding ... Suggestive of glomerular ... #urology #nephrology ... #renal #urine #
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
• Evidence of glomerular ... → Refer to Nephrology ... for renal biopsy ... and referral to Urology ... if cause not identified
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings • Epithelial cells - Normal • Renal tubular cells - Acute
Atlas of Urine Microscopy ... red - cells Non-glomerular ... also be seen if urine ... crystals may indicate metabolic ... key #diagnosis #nephrology
Hypokalemia Differential Algorithm Acidosis - RTA - Diarrhea pH Normal 1. Decreased Mg 2. Intracellular Shift
Diuretics (discontinued ... Metabolic alkalosis ... Renal artery stenosis ... Algorithm #Diagnosis #Causes ... #Workup #Nephrology
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