13 results
Increased Urination - Differential Diagnosis Framework - Increased Volume / Frequency
 • Increased osmotic load (Increased
osm): Diabetes ... urea, mannitol), Chronic ... Isosthenuria): Chronic ... deficiency/resistance (Diabetes ... tract infection
Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Urine Output > 3L /day
Water Diuresis (Urine Osm <100 mOsm/kg)
 • Primary
Polydipsia • Central Diabetes ... • Nephrogenic Diabetes ... Relief of prolonged urinary ... Partial Dl • Chronic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Increased Urinary Frequency - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Non-increased urine volume (<2mL/min), Rule out polyuria
Extrinsic to Urinary Tract:
Non-increased urine ... Tract Infection ... Overactive Bladder • Diabetes ... Irritant drugs: Diuretics ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Altitude sickness • Diuretic ... irrigation • Management ... Kidney stones caused ... Lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes ... Acute myocardial infarction
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... (carbonic anhydrase ... syndrome (mimics loop diuretic ... mimics thiazide diuretic ... #Hypokalemia #Causes
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary ... loop or thiazide diuretics ... pressure: Active diuretic ... metabolic acidosis • Chronic ... the indicated causes
Hyperuricemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary - Over-production
     • Increased turnover of nucleotides
Primary
(AML) • Chronic ... Hyperparathyroidism • Diabetic ... Renal • Chronic ... Cyclosporine • Diuretics ... endocrinology #causes
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis
ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L
 • Gastric alkalosis:
Causes of Metabolic ... acute reversal of chronic ... after renal tubule diuretic ... > 20 meq/L • Primary ... /carbenoxolone ingestion
Urinary Casts and Disease Associations
Hyaline - May be nonspecific; seen in normal individuals or during severe
Urinary Casts and ... exercise or with diuretic ... and concentrated urine ... White blood cell - Urinary ... tract infections
Emphysematous Cystitis
Epidemiology:
 • Usually middle-aged diabetic women
 • Other RF: neurogenic bladder, urinary tract outlet obstruction,
Usually middle-aged diabetic ... outlet obstruction, chronic ... present or signs of infection ... present • UA and Urine ... also important Management