13 results
Management of Pediatric Kidney Stones
Acute Managment:
 • Pain relief: NSAIDs, opioids
 • Facilitating passage of stone:
Management of Pediatric ... Kidney Stones Acute ... Surgical Rx: • ACUTE ... protein - Low ... #Pediatrics #nephrology
Types of Renal Calculi

Calcium oxalate
 - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
Renal tubular acidosis ... amino acids in kidney ... Mycoplasma infections, High ... #Types #Renal #stones ... #differential #
Causes of Nephrolithiasis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Radio-opaque - Calcium-containing - 90% of stones
Radiolucent - Non-calcium 10%
Nephrolithiasis - Differential ... urine volume ... Medullary sponge kidney ... Nephrolithiasis #Nephrology ... #Differential #
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
alkalosis • Normal/low ... high in kidney ... , a high urine chloride ... #Algorithm #nephrology ... #differential #
Normal Anion-Gap Acidosis (NAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Workup

NAGMA
- Chem, ABG or VBG
- Calculate Anion
(NAGMA) - Differential ... normal Type 4: Hyperkalemic ... • Serum K high ... - Diarrhea - High ... Diagnosis #Workup #nephrology
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine
Urine K+
patients with hypokalemia ... ↑ Aldosterone: Kidney ... HCO3- • Low Urine ... #differential # ... algorithm #diagnosis #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
differentiating kidney ... urinary losses: • High ... - Metabolic acidosis ... diagnosis #Algorithm #differential ... #potassium #nephrology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... Renal failure (acute ... Chronic progressive kidney ... #differential # ... diagnosis #causes #nephrology
Metabolic Causes of Kidney Stones in Children
 • Calcium Oxalate: Primary Hyperoxaluria type 1-3, Secondary Hyperoxaluria
Stones in Children ... Renal Tubular Acidosis ... Syndrome type 1-4, Lowe ... #Stones #pediatrics ... #nephrology #differential
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
and necrosis in states ... such as acute pancreatitis ... Is Dangerous in Hyperkalemia ... densa receives high ... Decreased GFR, urine