10 results
Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Mild Non-proliferative DR
 • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
into the deeper retinal ... to significant retinal ... • Localized retinal ... ischemia causes ... macula, and/or retina
Vision Loss - Differential Diagnosis
Chronic: 
  - Cornea: Scarring, Edema
  - Lens: Cataracts
degeneration - Retina ... Lens Dislocation, Retinal ... Detachment, Central Retinal ... Occlusion, Central Retinal ... Optic Neuropathy, Retinal
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
narrowing and vascular ... in the inner retina ... nervefiber layer -> Retinal ... of the terminal retinal ... lesions in the inner retinal
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Inflammatory Disease: (i.e. GCA, SLE, GPA) ->
Central Retinal ... edema caused by ... Occlusion #CRAO #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology ... #diagnosis #signs
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO)
 - Pathophysiology not fully understood; possibly due to thrombus located in
Central Retinal ... in the central retinal ... vision loss due to retinal ... vascular disease ... Fundoscopy #Central #Retinal
Chronic Vision Loss by Anatomic Location - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Cornea:
 • Keratoconus
 • Stromal Scaring
 •
Degeneration (Wet, Dry) Retina ... Micro-aneurysms, Hemorrhage ... and Macular Edema ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes ... #Ophthalmology
Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN): Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Medical Comorbidities Malignancies (most commonly hairy-cell leukemia)
Immunogenetic Predisposition: patient is
Viral replication causes ... direct injury to vascular ... abdo pain, GI hemorrhage ... PolyarteritisNodosa #Pathophysiology ... #Diagnosis #Signs
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
hypertension and signs ... damage such as retinal ... hemorrhages or ... bruit or signs ... Causes: • Vascular
Photophobia and Headache - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Why?
• The coexistence of photophobia and headache suggests the potential
pathways occur at the retina ... activation of retina-driven ... meningeal irritation signs ... Non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage ... differential #diagnosis #ophthalmology
Hypochloremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Cause - Decreased Intake:
 • Low salt in diet
 • Exclusive D5W
- Diarrhea • RENAL ... - Gitelman SIGNS ... inversely related to renin ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Pathophysiology ... #Nephrology #Chloride