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diagnosis differential clinical management ultrasound algorithm nephrology hematology rheumatology hepatology joint treatment arthritis dermatology oncology pulmonary renal anemia classification interpretation
Nephritic vs Nephrotic Syndrome Step 1: If the patient has hematuria and/or proteinuria, think about nephrotic/nephritic syndromes. Step
Nephritic vs Nephrotic Syndrome ... nephrotic/nephritic syndromes ... glomerular hematuria (RBC ... casts or dysmorphic ... RBCs in urine)?
Causes of Proteinuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Persistent Proteinuria >150mg/d protein present on repeat testing including overnight
Causes of Proteinuria ... • Fanconi's syndrome ... urine sediment - WBC ... /RBC casts ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Glomerular Diseases - Nephritic and Nephrotic Syndromes Nephritic syndrome—due to GBM disruption. Hypertension. t BUN and creatinine.
and Nephrotic Syndromes ... Nephritic syndrome—due ... RBC casts in urine ... but in severe cases ... Nephritic #Nephrotic #Syndromes
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
Hematuria: 3 or more RBC ... disease - Alport syndrome ... pain hematuria syndrome ... hematuria: - RBC ... - Dysmorphic RBC
Causes of Anemia with elevated Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Normal Blood Smear •
Causes of Anemia ... Neutrophils - Low RBC ... Pernicious Anemia RBCs ... Myelodysplastic Syndromes ... Cells, Normal WBCs
Urine Microscopy - Casts Acellular Casts • Hyaline Casts - Consists of only precipitated Tamm-Horsfell protein without
Acellular Casts ... • Hyaline Casts ... suggestive of nephrotic sydnrome ... : • RBC Casts - ... glomerulonephritis • WBC
Knee Effusions - Arthrocentesis Interpretation Inflammatory arthritis: • Color: Yellow-> Green • Clarity: Opaque • Viscosity: Low
Knee Effusions - ... Viscosity: Low • WBC ... : Variable • WBC ... Viscosity: High • WBC ... analysis: • MSU
Acute Liver Injury - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Vascular Causes of Acute Liver Injury: • Hepatic vein:
Algorithm Vascular Causes ... stone, Malignancy, PBC ... • Bilirubin: RBC ... cardiac muscle, RBC ... • LDH: Heart, RBC
Causes of Knee Effusions - Differential Diagnosis Framework Knee Effusion Red Flags: 1. Fever/Chills/Joint pain/Night sweats/Weight loss - DDX: -
Causes of Knee Effusions ... Osteoarthritis - Overuse syndrome ... Seronegative Reactive Syndrome ... #causes #differential ... #diagnosis #msk
Leukostasis vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome Leukostasis: • Pathophysiology: Large, immature blasts and high WBC count cause hyperviscosity
vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome ... blasts and high WBC ... count cause hyperviscosity ... syndrome • Triggers ... • Lab values: WBC
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