10 results
Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)
Absolute Insulin deficit:
 - Type I DM:
Pathophysiology ... Ketoacidosis (DKA ... Polydipsia #dka ... #hhs #pathophysiology ... #comparison #endocrinology
Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

DKA is a result of an absolute or relative insulin
Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology ... counterregulatory hormones act ... details of the pathophysiology ... #Pathophysiology ... #Diabetes #Endocrinology
Hypothyroid Myopathy
Very common (up to 80% ) in patients with hypothyroidism
Pathophysiology:
 • T4 deficiency leads to
Hypothyroid Myopathy ... hypothyroidism Pathophysiology ... #Myopathy #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms ... #endocrinology
SGLT2 Inhibitors - Pharmacology Summary
Mechanisms of Action: Inhibits SGLT2 (sodium/glucose cotransporter 2) in the proximal tubule,
SGLT2 Inhibitors - Pharmacology ... heart disease • All ... ketoacidosis (DKA ... #Summary #DM2 # ... diabetes #endocrinology
Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism - Symptoms and Signs
Hypothyroidism:
 - General - From asymptomatic to myxedema coma, “Like
- Symptoms and Signs ... running a marathon all ... #Hyperthyroid # ... Symptoms #Signs ... #Diagnosis #endocrinology
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
Ketoacidosis (DKA ... Findings • Note: in DKA ... Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... #pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Second Generation Antipsychotics: Mechanisms and Side Effects
(Atypical Anti-Psychotics) - Examples: Clozapine, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Risperidone, Zotepine, Paliperidone,
• Dopamine D2 ... Block action of DA ... on D2 receptors ... Antagonism - Block ACh ... #SideEffects #pharmacology
Pituitary Mass Effects - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Pituitary turnors are almost always a benign
pituitary masses of all ... Signs / Symptoms ... #SideEffects #endocrinology ... mnemonic #GLFTAP #pathophysiology
Benzodiazepine (BZD) withdrawal: clinical findings and complications

 • Activation of ACC and OFC -> Feelings of
Activation of ACC ... BZD #withdrawal #pharmacology ... #pathophysiology ... #diagnosis #signs
Methotrexate Toxicology 

Intravenous leucovorin (folinic acid) treatment serves as a cofactor necessary for synthesis of thymidylate
essential for DNA ... subsequently synthesize DNA ... , up to 100 mg/m2 ... be effective in all ... Toxicity #Management #Pharmacology