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Types of Renal Calculi

Calcium oxalate
 - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
Types of Renal Calculi ... apatite plaque, Low urine ... duct plaque, Low urine ... and phosphate: alkaline ... urine - Infection
Methotrexate Renal Toxicity 
Prevention:
 • Alkalinize the urine, keep urine ph >7
 • Start pre-treatment 12
Methotrexate Renal ... Prevention: • Alkalinize ... the urine, keep ... urine ph >7 • ... #Methotrexate #Renal
Blood gas analysis
Metabolic alkalosis
Measured urine CI
< 10 mEq/L
Saline responsive
> 10 mEg/L
Not saline responsive
- Vomiting or NG
alkalosis Measured urine ... cause of H+ loss Renal ... Potassium depletion - Alkali
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis
ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L
 • Gastric alkalosis:
volume contracted: urine ... diuretics after renal ... volume expanded: urine ... generally indicates a renal ... Milk (calcium) alkali
Amyloidosis - Summary
Group of disorders associated with extracellular deposition of fibrils formed from low-molecular-weight proteins in
Manifestations: Renal ... dissociation in urine ... Creatinine, albumin, alkaline ... phosphatase, uric acid Urine ... : • UPEP with Urine
Liver Function Tests (LFTs)
 - Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 
 - Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 
 - Alkaline
aminotransferase (AST) - Alanine ... aminotransferase (ALT) - Alkaline
Urine Microscopy Crystals
Uric Acid crystals:
 - Formation promoted by acidic urine
 - Seen in tumor lysis
Urine Microscopy ... promoted by acidic urine ... Formation promoted by alkaline ... Formation promoted by alkaline ... urine - Seen in
Purple Urine Bag Syndrome
Chronic, indwelling catheter + bacteriuria (Providencia, Klebsiella, E.coli*) + alkaline urine
Tryptophan → Indoxyl
Purple Urine Bag ... Klebsiella, E.coli*) + alkaline ... urine Tryptophan ... BrighamChiefs #Purple #Urine
What the Color of Urine Can Tell You - Differential Diagnosis by Urine Color
Clear: excess water
Pale
What the Color of Urine ... Differential Diagnosis by Urine ... Purple (Purple Urine ... Indwelling Catheter + Alkaline ... BrighamChiefs #Urine
Normal Anion-Gap Acidosis (NAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Workup

NAGMA
- Chem, ABG or VBG
- Calculate Anion
Gap - UAG and Urine ... - RenalUrine ... Renal Loss of HCO3 ... - Renal insufficiency ... Hypoaldosteronism - Renal