35 results
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Morphology
Microcytic RBC: Pyridoxine deficiency, Thalassemia, Iron deficiency anemia, Chronic disease anemia (sometimes),
disease anemia ... Macrocytic RBC: Vitamin B12 ... Unstable hemoglobin disorders ... Cell Agglutinate: Cold ... , Paroxysmal cold
Clinically Important Vitamins and Vitamin Deficiency States
Fat-soluble Vitamins: 
 • Vitamin A - Xerophthalmia, night blindness,
Clinically Important ... - Coagulation disorder ... Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome ... gestation • Vitamin B12 ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms
Causes of Anemia with elevated Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Normal Blood Smear
 •
• Dietary Deficiency ... • Small Bowel Disorder ... Myelodysplastic Syndromes ... and Folate Deficiency ... • Liver Disease
Cold Agglutinin Disease

3 Types of Cold Sensitive Antibodies:
  1. Cold Agglutinins (CAD)
  2. Donath-Landsteiner
Agglutinin Syndrome ... Viral Infection Clinical ... of anemia include ... • hemolytic anemia ... #hemolytic #anemia
Diagnostic Framework for Hemolysis - Intravascular vs Extravascular Causes
Intravascular Hemolysis:
 • Mechanical Trauma (Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia):
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia ... ) - HELLP syndrome ... Hemolytic uremic syndrome ... lymphoproliferative disorders ... G6PD deficiency)
Lesions of the Spinal cord - Spinal Cord Syndromes

Spinal cord lesions can result in permanent neurologic
- Spinal Cord Syndromes ... result in permanent neurologic ... HIV) - Vitamin B12 ... , Copper deficiency ... Lower motor neuron symptoms
Spinal Cord Disorders - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Spinal cord neurological lesion:
Clinical findings:
 • Symptoms and signs below
Spinal Cord Disorders ... neurological lesion: Clinical ... myelopathy - Vit B12 ... MCTD, Sjogren syndrome ... #diagnosis #neurology
Korsakoff Syndrome
Clinical Findings:
 • Confabulation: Usually initial phase of the disease
 • Anterograde amnesia: Memory impairment
Clinical Findings ... initial phase of the disease ... • Anterograde amnesia ... presentation of Thiamine deficiency ... #neurology #diagnosis
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency
Etiology:
 • Vit B12 - aka cobalamin. Present in foods derived from animal
) Deficiency Etiology ... dysfunction, and/or disorders ... intrinsic factor, IF) Clinical ... to IBD, celiac disease ... , alcohol use, symptoms
Causes of Neuromuscular Weakness
 • Spinal Cord: Demyelinating Disease (MS), Epidural abscess, Infarction, Syringomyelia, Tetanus, Transverse
Weakness • Spinal Cord ... Demyelinating Disease ... heavy metals), Critical ... : Acid maltase deficiency ... differential #diagnosis #neurology