13 results
Pemberton's Sign caused by a Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Elevating the arms causes the previously flat neck veins
Pemberton's Sign ... veins to become distended ... #Pembertons #Sign ... Thyroid #Goiter #PhysicalExam ... #clinical #video
Alice in Wonderland Syndrome
What? Metamorphophsia - Distortions of the visual perceptions with changes in size (micro
in Wonderland Syndrome ... parietal lobe • Retina ... (Many causes!) ... * (most common cause ... #diagnosis #neurology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Low intake • Metabolic ... Losses: • Metabolic ... Renovascular HTN, Renin ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... potassium #low #nephrology
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Primary Metabolic ... hyperaldosteronism • High PRA: Renal ... aldosteronism #Metabolic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Nephrology ... #Causes
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
GI Losses - Gastric
 • Vomiting
 • NG suction
GI
Causes of Metabolic ... Chloridorrhea Renal ... Licorice • Liddle's Syndrome ... MetabolicAlkalosis #NonGap #Nephrology ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
wasting from other causes ... suggests extra-renal ... causes • Laxative ... Pressure: - Metabolic ... Hippurate - Metabolic
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
hypertension and signs ... damage such as retinal ... hypokalemia and metabolic ... bruit or signs ... Neurologic disorders
Secondary Causes of Hypertension - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypertension - BP > 140/90 (>130/80 for DM)
Hypertensive urgency
multi-drug resistance) Renal ... • Nephritic syndrome ... steroids) • Renin-Angiotensin ... Unilateral RAS Metabolic ... HTN #Secondary #Nephrology
Hypochloremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Cause - Decreased Intake:
 • Low salt in diet
 • Exclusive D5W
- Gitelman SIGNS ... inversely related to renin ... metabolic acidosis ... metabolic alkalosis ... Pathophysiology #Nephrology
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis
ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L
 • Gastric alkalosis:
Causes of Metabolic ... diuretics after renal ... mutation) • Renin-secreting ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes ... #nephrology