2410 results
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
thiazide-like diuretics ... , Osmotic diuresis ... syndrome (mimics loop diuretic ... mimics thiazide diuretic ... Hypokalemia #Causes #differential
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
Inadequate water intake:
 • Lack of access to water
Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Hypernatremia - Differential ... concentrating defect: • Diuretics ... • Osmotic diuresis ... Hypernatremia #Differential
Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Urinary Chloride
 • Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential ... loop or thiazide diuretics ... pressure: Active diuretic ... metabolic acidosis: Diabetic ... Metabolic #Alkalosis #Differential
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Hyponatremia - Differential ... Renal losses, Diuretic ... Ketonuria, Osmotic diuresis ... #Hyponatremia #Differential
Increased Urination - Differential Diagnosis Framework - Increased Volume / Frequency
 • Increased osmotic load (Increased
Increased Urination - Differential ... • Physiologic Diuresis ... Post-obstructive diuresis ... disease, Loop Diuretics ... Increased #Urination #Differential
Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Transcellular Shift
 • Recovery From DKA
 • Refeeding Syndrome
 • Acute Respiratory
Hypophosphatemia - Differential ... Syndrome • Osmotic Diuresis ... Acetazolamide and Thiazide Diuretics ... #LowPhosphate #Differential
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism

Decreased GI Uptake 
 - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
Loop and thiazide diuretics ... Hypokalemia - Osmotic diuresis ... Post-obstructive diuresis ... Hypomagnesemia #Differential
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Urine chloride < 20 mmol/l - Chloride responsive (Chloride
Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential ... fibrosis • Remote diuretic ... resistant: • Current diuretic ... Alkalosis #Causes #Differential
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm

1) Check Urine Osmolality:
 > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Hypernatremia - Differential ... • Hypovolemic: Diuretics ... osmotic (solute) diuresis ... Hypernatremia #Differential
Ascites - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Paracentesis studies: cell count + differential, albumin, protein, culture
 • Serum-ascites-albumin-gradient
: cell count + differential ... caloric intake 2) Diuretic ... at start Diuretic ... max doses Diuretic ... patients with diuretic