13 results
Gitelman Syndrome - Diagnosis and Workup
Blood Work:
 - Hypokalemia
 - Hypomagnesemia
 - Metabolic Alkalosis
 - Elevated
Gitelman Syndrome ... : - Hypokalemia ... Fractional excretion of Cl ... kidneys Genetic Testing ... #Workup #nephrology
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypertensive:
 • High Al, Low R - Primary aldosteronism
 • High Al, High
Hypokalemia Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Bartter's syndrome, Gitelman's ... #Algorithm #nephrology ... #causes #low #potassium
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism

Decreased GI Uptake 
 - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
syndromes - Gitelman ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... Low #Magnesium #Table ... Classification #Causes ... #Workup #hypomg
Reflex Testing - Causes of Hyporeflexia and Hyperreflexia
Focal Hyporeflexia: 
 • Radiculopathy, Mononeuropathy, Polyneuropathy, Acute stroke,
Reflex Testing - ... Hyperreflexia: • Hypocalcemia ... Hyperreflexia #Testing ... #diagnosis #table ... #neurology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
from other causes ... suggests extra-renal causes ... Bartter syndrome, Gitelman ... #diagnosis #Algorithm ... differential #potassium #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... hypomagnesemia), Eating ... diuretic use), Gitelman's ... #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis ... reabsorption) Workup ... tourniquet / IVF line draw ... only if no clear cause ... Elimination (see Table
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Differential Diagnosis and Screening Testing
Common causes: 
 • Renal parenchymal disease
- Differential Diagnosis ... and Screening Testing ... (correction of hypokalemia ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Workup #table
Pragmatic diagnostic algorithm for hypokalemia. 
***Typical presentations: 
 • Vomiting: urine Na/Cl > 1.6, low urine
Pragmatic diagnostic ... confirmed via genetic testing ... continued in most cases ... #diagnosis #differential ... #algorithm #nephrology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia
The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
time you have a case ... Present (Uosm ≥100): Hypovolemia ... #differential #diagnosis ... #table #sodium ... #nephrology