10 results
Leukostasis vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Leukostasis:
 • Pathophysiology: Large, immature blasts and high WBC count cause hyperviscosity
Leukostasis: • Pathophysiology ... high WBC count cause ... organ damage • Treatment ... : • Pathophysiology ... • Treatment:
Treatment algorithm for malignancy-associated hypercalcemia.
Hypercalcemia
 - Renal Failure → Dialysis with low Ca++ bath
Aggressive IV hydration
Treatment algorithm ... Bisphosphonate +/- Calcitonin ... Refractory Cases ... : Gallium nitrate ... algorithm #management #endocrinology
21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (21-OHD): Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Autosomal recessive mutation in CYP21A2 coding for the enzyme 21-OHase
enzyme 21-OHase causes ... Hirsutism & acne • Infertility ... #21HydroxylaseDeficiency #21OHD #pathophysiology ... #genetics #endocrinology
Causes of Hypocalcemia by Clinical Cause

Acute illness: pancreatitis, tumor lysis, severe illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism from
low circulating calcium ... hypocalcemia - Genetic ... defects in calcium-sensing ... Malabsorption syndrome ... Differential #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis and Management Summary

Trauma:
 • Immobilization, Crush iniury, Compartment syndrome, Electrical injury
Exertional:
 •
iniury, Compartment syndrome ... Dermatomyositis) AKI - Pathophysiology ... potassium and calcium ... Management #Summary #causes ... #treatment
Acromegaly - Diagnosis and Management Summary - GrepMed Handbook 

Clinical Presentation: 
 • Classic Acromegaly: frontal
phenytoin, minoxidil), genetic ... Beckwith Wiedemann syndrome ... or refractory cases ... Diagnosis #Management #Endocrinology ... #Treatment #Pathophysiology
Summary of Oncologic Emergencies

Neutropenic fever:
- Fever + ANC < 500 → start cefepime ± vancomycin (if
Treat underlying cause ... malignancy: - Calcium ... /dL → treat - Calcium ... symptoms → treat - Calcium ... Calcitonin (rapid
Causes of Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis
Decreased calcium absorption
 • Vitamin D deficiency
    -
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... Diagnosis Decreased calcium ... Malabsorption Syndromes ... Hypoparathyroidism - Genetic ... #endocrinology
Bulimia Nervosa: Complications
GASTROINTESTINAL
 • Dehydration & inability to digest food -> Constipation
 • Recurrent vomiting exposes
• Boerhaave syndrome ... > Amenorrhea & Infertility ... Calcium, VitD) and ... hormone levels cause ... Complications #pathophysiology
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)

High mortality without prompt recognition and management. HLH is a critical diagnostic consideration in
hyperinflammatory syndrome ... caused by uncontrolled ... Familial) HLH: - Genetic ... Pathophysiology ... Treatment Approach