12 results
Hypercalcemia Workup and Differential Diagnosis Framework
1) Determine whether PTH-dependent
2) Assess for other hormonal causes
3) Assess for
Hypercalcemia Workup ... Determine whether PTH-dependent ... #Workup #Differential ... Diagnosis #algorithm #endocrinology ... #calcium
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Effect in Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia:
   ↑ intestinal
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH ... - Net Effect Hypercalcemia ... Parathyroid #Hormone #PTH ... #Phosphorus #pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis and Management
PTH Independent (↑ PTH)
 • LOW VIT D
    -
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis ... - Calcium Sequestration ... - DiGeorge Syndrome ... Signaling #Hypocalcemia ... Diagnosis #Management #endocrinology
Hypocalcemia Workup - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Low Magnesium, High Magnesium - Functional Hypoparathyroidism
 • High
Hypocalcemia Workup ... Phosphate, Low PTH ... Phosphate, High PTH ... metastases, Hungry bone syndrome ... #Workup #Differential
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
Tertiary Lab Comparison ... , ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin ... , ↓→Calcium, ↓Vitamin ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis #endocrinology ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Hypercalcemia Evaluation
1) Clinical clues
 - Is the patient symptomatic?
 - Family history?
 - Have you done
Hypercalcemia Evaluation ... 2) PTH - Frankly ... #diagnosis #endocrinology ... #calcium #elevated ... #evaluation #workup
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Low and High Phosphate
LOW PHOSPHATE
 - Low/NormaI PTH
Hypocalcemia - Differential ... Phenytoin, Nephrotic Syndrome ... Activating Mutation in Calcium ... Poisoning #Hypocalcemia ... Algorithm #Phosphate #endocrinology
Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)
Absolute Insulin deficit:
 - Type I DM:
Pathophysiology ... Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome ... - Type II DM pts ... #dka #hhs #pathophysiology ... #comparison #endocrinology
Causes of Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis
Decreased calcium absorption
 • Vitamin D deficiency
    -
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... Diagnosis Decreased calcium ... Malabsorption Syndromes ... Increased calcium ... Diagnosis #Causes #endocrinology
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
Hypertension - Workup ... Vasculitis • Endocrinologic ... Hyperthyroidism, Hypercalcemia ... apnea: CPAP, most pts ... #Hypertension #Workup