16 results
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin ... Phosphate Physical Symptoms ... pain Psychiatric Symptoms ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Effect in Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia:
   ↑ intestinal
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH ... - Net Effect Hypercalcemia ... Parathyroid #Hormone #PTH ... #Phosphorus #pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Low and High Phosphate
LOW PHOSPHATE
 - Low/NormaI PTH
Hypocalcemia - Differential ... Phenytoin, Nephrotic Syndrome ... • Secondary ... Poisoning #Hypocalcemia ... Algorithm #Phosphate #endocrinology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
long-standing secondary ... Autosomal Dominant Calcium ... Malignancy • PTH-Related ... Other • Excess Calcium ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Endocrinology
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis and Management
PTH Independent (↑ PTH)
 • LOW VIT D
    -
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis ... - Calcium Sequestration ... - DiGeorge Syndrome ... Signaling #Hypocalcemia ... Diagnosis #Management #endocrinology
Leukostasis vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Leukostasis:
 • Pathophysiology: Large, immature blasts and high WBC count cause hyperviscosity
Leukostasis: • Pathophysiology ... Dehydration • Symptoms ... changes, stroke symptoms ... : • Pathophysiology ... hydration - Hyperkalemia
21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (21-OHD): Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Autosomal recessive mutation in CYP21A2 coding for the enzyme 21-OHase
Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... : • Hyperkalemia ... Hirsutism & acne • Infertility ... #21HydroxylaseDeficiency #21OHD #pathophysiology ... #genetics #endocrinology
Causes of Hypocalcemia by Clinical Cause

Acute illness: pancreatitis, tumor lysis, severe illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism from
severe illness - Secondary ... low circulating calcium ... Malabsorption syndrome ... Renal disease - Secondary ... Differential #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Sarcoidosis - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Epidemiology
1) High incidence in Scandinavian countries (11-24 cases per 100,000 individuals
survival is 93-95% Pathophysiology ... fibrosis. 4) Calcium ... hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia ... mediators such as hypercalcaemia ... patients) and/or hypercalcuria
Causes of Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis
Decreased calcium absorption
 • Vitamin D deficiency
    -
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... Diagnosis Decreased calcium ... Malabsorption Syndromes ... Increased calcium ... Diagnosis #Causes #endocrinology