44 results
Hypoxemia vs Hypoxia
Hypoxemia - Partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) is below normal
Hypoxia - Insufficient oxygen
Hypoxemia - Partial ... pressure of arterial ... oxygen (PaO2) is ... - Insufficient oxygen ... diagnosis #comparison #pulmonary
Hypoxia and Hypoxemia - Overview
Hypoxia - insufficient oxygen delivered to tissues to meet demands
Hypoxemia - low
dissolved in arterial ... hemoglobin in arterial ... content of arterial ... #pulmonary #differential ... diagnosis #causes #pathophysiology
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT)
• At least 3 different P wave morphologies: 
• Rate 100-180
• Irregular 
Etiology
Multifocal Atrial ... disease (COPD) • Hypoxia ... • Pulmonary hypertension ... Management • Oxygen ... #Multifocal #Atrial
Causes of Hypoxemia- Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Ventilation/perfusion Mismatch
 • Airway Disease (Asthma, COPD)
 • Vascular (PE*)
 •
Causes of Hypoxemia ... Arterial Hypertension ... Intracardiac Right ... Defect ** • Atrial ... Right to Left Shunt
Intrapartum Abnormal Fetal HR Tracing - Causes of Variability & Decelerations - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Minimal/Absent Variability
sedatives) • Hypoxic ... bpm): • Mild hypoxia ... decelerations Late ... Reduced maternal arterial ... oxygen saturation
Right Heart Catheterization Cheat Sheet: Interpretation of Pressures and Waveforms 
Direct measurements
 ● Central venous pressure
(PAp) ● Pulmonary ... – CVP]/CO) ● Pulmonary ... SVI = CI/heart rate ... SVI x 0.136) ● Oxygen ... Hb x SaO2) ● Oxygen
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure - Differential Diagnosis Framework
DECREASED INSPIRED OXYGEN
 • Low PATM Can decrease first part
DECREASED INSPIRED OXYGEN ... with supplemental oxygen ... direction leads to hypoxemia ... shunting (eg, atrial ... Respiratory #Failure #hypoxia
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

Left Shift (↓ O2 unloading to tissue), Left = Lower:
 • ↓ H+ (↑
Oxygen-Hemoglobin ... Temperature Right ... MatthewHoMD #Oxygen ... Dissociation #Curve #pathophysiology ... #pulmonary #respiratory
CAPNOGRAPHY 
Provides a measure of ventilation – or concentration of CO2 exhaled air (aka end tidal
by supplemental oxygen ... oxygenation or arterial ... blood oxygen saturation ... & pulse rate. ... (hypoxia).
Atrial Fibrillation Overview

Symptoms:
Palpitations, light-headedness, dizziness, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, chest pain, near-syncope, syncope.

1. Why?
Cardiac:
• Valvular heart disease
•
Atrial Fibrillation ... Palpitations, light-headedness ... Noncardiac: • Pulmonary ... Rate Control • ... Anticoagulation #Atrial