1854 results
Workup for Hyperphosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework
Rule out spurious hyperphosphatemia: paraproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, hemolysis, hyperbilirubinemia, liposomal amphotericin
intake, Phosphate laxatives ... CKD Increased Renal ... Workup #phosphate #nephrology
Drugs associated with hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia

Hypokalemia
- Shift from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid compartment
  -
- Extrarenal Laxatives ... - Renal - Antimicrobials ... pump inhibitor - Renal ... Antimicrobials Drug-induced renal ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
GI Losses - Gastric
 • Vomiting
 • NG suction
GI
Villous adenoma • Laxative ... Chloridorrhea Renal ... • Penicillins Renal ... MetabolicAlkalosis #NonGap #Nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome - Diagnosis and Workup
Blood Work:
 - Hypokalemia
 - Hypomagnesemia
 - Metabolic Alkalosis
 - Elevated
Inappropriate renal ... Inappropriate renal ... No diuretic or laxative ... kidney disease Renal ... Diagnosis #Workup #nephrology
Normal Anion-Gap Acidosis (NAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Workup

NAGMA
- Chem, ABG or VBG
- Calculate Anion
in the urine - Renal ... Renal Loss of HCO3 ... - Renal insufficiency ... drains - Chronic laxative ... Diagnosis #Workup #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Decreased intake (rare cause in isolation)
GI loss - Urine loss
NG suction • Laxatives ... aldosterone • Renal ... #Hypokalemia #Nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
suggests extra-renal ... causes • Laxative ... differential #potassium #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Diarrhea* (including laxative ... Villous adenoma Renal ... chewing tobacco, Renal ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Hypermagnesemia - Diagnosis and Management

Hypermagnesemia is a serum magnesium concentration > 2.6 mg/dL.
Symptoms include hyporeflexia, hypotension,
Magnesium-containing laxatives ... • Increased renal ... Management #magnesium #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
• Hypokalemia (renal ... Sjögren syndrome, Renal ... Bartter-Gitelman syndrome • Laxative ... Syndrome #diagnosis #nephrology