23 results
Low Ankle Sprain: Pathomechanics and Clinical Findings

Grading Ligament Sprains
l: Minimal ligament disruption, mild swelling & tenderness,
Findings Grading Ligament ... Sprains l: Minimal ligament ... commonly injured ligament ... LowAnkleSprain #Sports ... Grades #Diagnosis #pathophysiology
Xeropthalmia: Pathogenesis and Ocular Manifestations

Decr Visual pigment -> Keratinization, thickening & non-wetting of the conjunctiva
Decr Visual pigment ... conjunctiva) • Bitot's spots ... #Xeropthalmia #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO)
Clinical:
 • Sudden, painless, complete loss of vision 
 • Pale retina
• Cherry red spot ... on fovea Management ... • Immediate ophthalmology ... Clinical #Fundoscopy #Ophthalmology
Scapholunate Dissociation
The spacing between all carpal bones should be 1-2 mm, look for the "Terry Thomas"
scapholunate interosseous ligament ... dislocation • ED Management ... XRay #Diagnosis #Management ... #Orthopedics #Sports
Psoriatic Arthritis: Pathogenesis and Clinical findings

In tendons and connective tissues:
 • Enthesitis  - Pain/tenderness over
tenderness over ligament ... , ridging, oil spots ... PsoriaticArthritis #pathophysiology
Lateral Canthotomy - Procedure Instructions
1) Identify the lateral canthus.
Cleanse the area with antiseptic and anesthetize with
cut through this ligament ... lateral cantonal ligament ... #Instructions #Management ... #Ophthalmology
Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Mild Non-proliferative DR
 • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
-> Cotton-wool spots ... Retinopathy #Diabetes #ophthalmology ... complications #pathophysiology
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
-> Cotton-wool Spots ... -> Elschnig's Spots ... #Retinopathy #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology
Drugs Used for the Treatment of COVID-19 Infection

** Editor Note (from ophthalmology MD input) - Hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine
Editor Note (from ophthalmology ... in setting of short ... Pharmacology #Table #Management
Age Related Macular Degeneration: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Photoreceptor atrophy 
-> Extracellular debris (drusen) from RPE atrophy/metabolism
- Faded/blind spots ... MacularDegeneration #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology