20 results
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Primary Metabolic ... Diuretics (late) • High ... Urine Cl-: Diuretics ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Nephrology ... #Causes
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
diuretic use, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... high in kidney ... the indicated causes ... #Algorithm #nephrology
Causes of Seizures - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Unprovoked - Epilepsy:
 • Focal: Simple, Complex
 • Generalized: Absence,
vasoconstriction syndrome ... Toxic: Alcohol, Medication ... , Recreational drugs ... Neurocysticercosis, PML • Metabolic ... #neurology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
wasting from other causes ... A urine K/Cr ratio ... • Diarrhea A urine ... urinary losses: • High ... differential #potassium #nephrology
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
- Up to 3 per high-power ... normal; >3 per high-power ... crystals may indicate metabolic ... disorders or excreted medications ... key #diagnosis #nephrology
Drugs associated with hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia

Hypokalemia
- Shift from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid compartment
  -
- Insulin (high ... renal Fanconi syndrome ... hypomagnesemia #Medications ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology ... #Causes #hypomg
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Primary Metabolic ... Diuretics (late) • High ... Urine Cl-: Diuretics ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Nephrology ... #Causes
Secondary Causes of Hypertension - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypertension - BP > 140/90 (>130/80 for DM)
Hypertensive urgency
based on repeat clinic ... hypertension (multi-drug ... • Nephritic syndrome ... Unilateral RAS Metabolic ... HTN #Secondary #Nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
reactions Common Drugs ... - Tumor lysis syndrome ... infusions) - Metabolic ... Medications 2. ... #nephrology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis:
 • Trauma:
	- Immobilization
	- Crush injury
	- Compartment
Management Summary Causes ... Heat stroke - Metabolic ... - Toxins - Drugs ... Dermatomyositis Clinical ... #treatment #nephrology