32 results
Generalized Seizures and Pseudoseizures
Generalized seizures "are conceptualized as originating as some point within, and rapidly engaging,
caused by a toxic ... or metabolic disorder ... Toxic and metabolic ... causes include ... #Signs #Symptoms
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Primary Metabolic ... Alkalosis - Differential ... aldosteronism #Metabolic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Nephrology ... #Causes
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
Metabolic Alkalosis ... , Gitelman syndrome ... the indicated causes ... #Metabolic #Alkalosis ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
Respiratory or Metabolic ... Respiratory or Metabolic ... D-lactate (short bowel syndrome ... of Metabolic Alkalosis ... Diagnosis #Summary #Nephrology
Hypochloremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Cause - Decreased Intake:
 • Low salt in diet
 • Exclusive D5W
Excessive vomiting - Metabolic ... - Gitelman SIGNS ... metabolic acidosis ... metabolic alkalosis ... #Nephrology #Chloride
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis
ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L
 • Gastric alkalosis:
Causes of Metabolic ... thiazide-sensitive site) Metabolic ... after fasting #Metabolic ... #Diagnosis #Causes ... #nephrology
Causes of Seizures - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Unprovoked - Epilepsy:
 • Focal: Simple, Complex
 • Generalized: Absence,
Causes of Seizures ... vasoconstriction syndrome ... Neurocysticercosis, PML • Metabolic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes ... #neurology
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology
Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
Pathophysiology ... → Hypokalemia Metabolic ... alkalosis - ... #Pathophysiology ... #nephrology #diagnosis
Salicylate Toxicity - Diagnosis and Management

Consider if:
1) Patient is hot and altered
2) You see tachypnea with
no respiratory cause ... show anion-gap metabolic ... Dizziness, Altered, Seizure ... Labs: Anion-Gap Metabolic ... Acidosis, Respiratory Alkalosis
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... tubal acidosis and metabolic ... alkalosis, Ketonuria ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes ... #nephrology