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diagnosis differential causes gitelman ophthalmology pathophysiology abg acid acidbase algorithm apex base bloodgas blurry cardiorenal clinical defects disorders epithelial gas
Blurry Vision - Differential Diagnosis Framework Anatomical Approach to Eye Disease: 1. Lids/Lashes 2. Extraocular Muscles/Motility 3. Conjunctiva/Sclera 4. Cornea 5. Anterior
Ocular Adverse Effects ... degeneration • Diabetic ... - Retinal vein occlusions ... • Sjögren’s syndrome ... (Retinal vein occlusions
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
Causes of Hypokalemia ... starts by measuring ... • Renal tubular ... Ureterosigmoidostomy, Diabetic ... algorithm #causes #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
(treatment of diabetic ... tubular acidosis ... diuresis, Bartter's syndrome ... use), Gitelman's syndrome ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Mechanisms of nephron damage in cardiorenal syndrome • Increased renal interstitial pressure • Hypoperfusion • Reduced
in cardiorenal syndrome ... activities • Diuretic ... release • ↓ Cl ... #cardiorenal #syndrome ... pathophysiology #nephrology
Inherited Defects in Kidney Tubule Epithelial Cells Renal glucosuria - Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter Cystinuria - Amino acid transporter Bartter
Epithelial Cells Renal ... receptor Distal renal ... tubular acidosis ... ATPase Nephrogenic diabetes ... Defects #Kidney #Nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
with thiazide diuretic ... (renal potassium ... Hypocalciuria (spot ... , Renal tubular ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome - Diagnosis and Workup Blood Work: - Hypokalemia - Hypomagnesemia - Metabolic Alkalosis - Elevated
Gitelman Syndrome ... Blood Work: - Hypokalemia ... Fractional excretion of Cl ... Normotensive - No diuretic ... Diagnosis #Workup #nephrology
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 2.
(AG) = {Na - (Cl ... bowel syndrome, ... Ketoacidosis (starvation, diabetic ... tubular acidosis ... Diagnosis #Summary #Nephrology
Orbital Apex Syndrome secondary to Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO) This 81 yo male was referred to our
Orbital Apex Syndrome ... treated by his PCP ... acetate to help with ocular ... ophthalmology #physicalexam ... #neurology
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