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The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia
Drugs
 - Amiloride
 - Spironolactone
 - Triamterene
 - Trimethoprim
 - Pentamidine
 -
inhibitors Other causes ... I, type II - ... Ketoconazole Low ... #Hyperkalemia #Algorithm ... #differential #causes
Algorithm for the Evaluation of Chronic Diarrhea (< 7 days)
Exclude:
1. Causes of acute diarrhea
2. Lactose intolerance
3.
Algorithm for the ... Evaluation of Chronic ... Causes of acute ... 1000 g/24 h) #Chronic ... Diarrhea #management #algorithm
Abnormalities in Rate and Rhythm of Breathing 
Normal 
The respiratory rate is about 14—20 per min
has a number of causes ... Other causes include ... short periods Causes ... Causes include ... asthma, chronic
Clinical Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension

1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension from pulmonary vasculopathy
Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
Heritable gene mutations
Clinical Classification ... protein receptor type ... activin A receptor type ... Hypertension #PHTN #Classification ... #Differential #Causes
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency:
 • ACTH stimulation test - Synthetic ACTH does not stimulate cortisol secretion because
aldosterone - Low ... in cases in which ... secretion; in chronic ... as a result of chronic ... Insufficiency #Evaluation
Causes of Constipation in Adults
Most common
 - Inadequate fiber or fluid intake
 - Poor bowel habits
Systemic
Causes of Constipation ... Cholestyramine Structural abnormalities ... Idiopathic megarectum Slow ... disorders - Chronic ... #Constipation #Causes
Emergent Causes of Headache and Associated Risk Factors
Carbon monoxide poisoning
 - Breathing in enclosed or confined
Emergent Causes ... febrile illness—any type ... ) - Previous chronic ... meningitis - Previous chronic ... brain or skull abnormalities
Causes of Hyperkalemia
l. Pseudohyperkalemia
  A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis
  B.
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Chronic kidney disease ... Drug-associated: heparin, low-molecular-weight ... High #Potassium #Classification ... #Causes