Etiologies of pulmonary infections according to CT-scan patterns.
CMV cytomegalovirus, GM galactomannan, HSV herpes simplex virus, MDS myelodysplastic syndrome, IF immunofluorescence, PCR polymerase in chain reaction, VZV Varicella–Zoster virus
NODULAR LESIONS
- Bacterial pneumonia
- Aspergillosis
- Nocardiosis
- Mucormycosis
MICRONODULES
- Bacterial pneumonia
- Viral pneumonia
- Mycobacteria
GROUND GLASS OPACITIES
- Pneumocystosis
- Viral pneumonia
- Atypical bacterial pneumonia
SEPTAL THICKENING
- Atypical bacterial pneumonia
CAVITATION
- Mycobacteria
- Histoplasma
- Bacterial pneumonia (S. aureus)
EXCAVATED NODULES
- Bacterial pneumonia
- Nocardiosis
- Mucormycosis
- Actinomyces
- Aspergillosis
CONSOLIDATION
- Bacterial pneumonia
- Aspergillosis
PLEURAL EFFUSION
- Bacterial pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/s00134-019-05906-5?shared_access_token=FCshMhmvYZdcHlN-0s7lvfe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY4GAssYzjvgnq7IXf0W5aS4XfJyVtXlr2ITA3v4hTmYfMme-weKjqQjyUPzEUtGD7yW0PjtMXCne8_w8-oxtvmJe1RmlxFFJpzgymkqdNRFOw%3D%3D
#CT #Patterns #Pulmonary #Lung #Infections #ComputedTomography #Differential #Diagnosis #Chest
High-Res Chest CT Patterns - Differential Diagnosis Framework
Reticular:
• Septal Thickening: Lymphangitic Carcinoma, Interstitial Edema, Alveolar Proteinosis, Lymphoma, Sarcoidosis, Silicosis
• Honeycombing - See Low Attenuation
Nodular:
• Random: Metastases, Miliary Infection (TB, Fungal)
• Perilymphatic: Sarcoidosis, Silicosis, Lymphangitic Carcinoma, Coal Pneumoconiosis
• Centrilobular: Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis, Respiratory Bronchiolitis, Bronchopneumonia
High Attenuation:
• Acute Ground Glass: Edema, Hemorrhage, Pneumonia, Acute Hypersensitivity, Acute Eos PNA
• Chronic Ground Glass: Hypersensitivity Pneumonia, COP, Chronic Eos PNA, Fibrosis, BAC
• Crazy Paving: Alveolar Proteinosis, Sarcoidosis, NSIP, COP, Infection, Neoplasm (BAC), Hemorrhage, Edema
• Consolidation: Pus, Blood, Water, Tumor
Low Attenuation:
• Emphysema: Smoking, Alpha-1-Antitripsyn Def
• Cysts: Congenital, Langerhans Histiocytosis, Lymphocytic Int PNA, Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
• Honeycombing: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, RA, Scleroderma, End-Stage Hypersensitivity, End-Stage Sarcoidosis
• Bronchiectasis: Prior Infection, Aspiration, Cystic Fibrosis, ABPA, Immune Deficiency
Sophia Hayes MD @Sophia_Hayes_MD
#High #Resolution #HiRes #HighRes #Chest #CT #Patterns #Differential #Diagnosis #pulmonary #radiology
The hematopoietic tree and the resulting leukemias and lymphomas
The hematopoietic tree refers to the hierarchical organization of blood cells and their precursor cells, which arise from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). HSCs have the remarkable ability to self-renew and differentiate into all types of blood cells. This process takes place in the bone marrow and is essential for maintaining a healthy immune system.
The hematopoietic tree branches into different lineages, including myeloid and lymphoid. The myeloid lineage gives rise to red blood cells, platelets, and various types of white blood cells, such as granulocytes and monocytes. The lymphoid lineage, on the other hand, gives rise to B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, which are crucial components of the immune system.
Leukemias and lymphomas are malignant disorders that arise when there is an uncontrolled growth and accumulation of abnormal cells within the hematopoietic system. Leukemias primarily affect the bone marrow and result in the excessive production of immature blood cells. Lymphomas, on the other hand, involve the abnormal growth of lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, or NK cells) in lymphoid tissues, such as lymph nodes and spleen.
Leukemias are further classified into acute and chronic types based on the rate of disease progression. Acute leukemias develop rapidly and are characterized by the presence of immature, abnormal cells called blasts. Chronic leukemias progress more slowly, with mature but abnormal cells accumulating over time.
Lymphomas are broadly categorized into two main types: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). HL is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are large abnormal cells found within the lymph nodes. NHL encompasses a diverse group of lymphomas that do not have Reed-Sternberg cells and are further classified into various subtypes based on their characteristics.
Hashtags: #HematopoieticTree #Leukemias #Lymphomas #BloodCells #BoneMarrow #ImmuneSystem #MyeloidLineage #LymphoidLineage #AcuteLeukemia #ChronicLeukemia #HodgkinLymphoma #NonHodgkinLymphoma
Lymphomas and Lymphoproliferative Disorders - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hodgkin Lymphoma ~40% - Characteristic For Reed-Sternberg (RS) Cells
- usually at a single site in lymphatic system (node) with progression contiguously with lymphatic system.
- Bimodal Age Distribution
- better prognosis
• Nodular Lymphocyte - 5% RS cells absent, lymphocyte predominant (LP) tumour B cells are present
• Classic - Nodular Sclerosis, Mixed Cellularity, Lymphocyte Rich, Lymphocyte Depletion
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) ~60%
- lymphadenopathy more diffuse, can have extra nodal involvement, irregular pattern of spread, B symptoms not as common
- T Cell ~10%
- B-Cell ~90%
• Low Grade - Slow growing, Poorly Responsive to Treatment
• Aggressive/ Intermediate - Faster growing Potential For Cure, Most common, Wide age range
• High Grade - Very Lethal if untreated, Behave and Treated Like Acute Leukemias, very high mitotic rate correlated with rapid growth, response to treatment and relapse
- Amy Chung, MD, MSc @AmyChung
#Lymphomas #Lymphoproliferative #Disorders #Classification #pathophysiology #Hematology #Diagnosis #NonHodgkin #differential #algorithm
