Dr. Gerald Diaz @GeraldMD
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Board Certified Internal Medicine Hospitalist, GrepMed Editor in Chief πŸ‡΅πŸ‡­ πŸ‡ΊπŸ‡Έ - Sign up for an account to like, bookmark and upload images to contribute to our community platform. Follow us on IG: https://www.instagram.com/grepmed/ | Twitter: https://twitter.com/grepmeded/
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Summary of Infections in which Steroids play a role in treatment
 β€’ TB meningitis
 β€’ TB
play a role in treatment ... pericarditis (select cases ... β€’ Ramsay Hunt syndrome ... #Steroids #Indications ... #treatment
Urine Microscopy - Casts
Acellular Casts
 β€’ Hyaline Casts - Consists of only precipitated Tamm-Horsfell protein without
suggestive of nephrotic sydnrome ... can be either infectious ... or non-infectious ... Urine #Microscopy #nephrology ... interpretation #diagnosis
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 β€’ Epithelial cells - Normal
 β€’ Renal tubular cells - Acute
β€’ White cell casts ... β€’ Hyaline casts ... disease β€’ Granular casts ... disorders or excreted medications ... #nephrology #casts
Differentiation Between Nephrotic Syndrome and Nephritic Syndrome 
== Nephrotic Syndrome ==
Onset - Insidious 
Edema - ++++
Blood
Red blood cell casts ... Red blood cell casts ... edgarvlermamd - Nephrology ... Nephritic #Comparison #Table ... #Nephrology #Diagnosis
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - Differential Diagnosis Framework
Pre-Renal:
 β€’ Hypovolemia, Cardiorenal, Distributive Shock, HRS, Hypercalcemia, Renal
- Differential Diagnosis ... Abdominal Compartment Syndrome ... , Infection, Autoimmune ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #nephrology #causes
Causes of Anterior Uveitis - Differential Diagnosis
Anterior Uveitis - 90% of cases of Uveitis
 β€’ Inflammation
- Differential Diagnosis ... Uveitis - 90% of cases ... β€’ Infectious: ... involvement) β€’ Medication ... bilateral up to 30% of cases
Urinary Casts and Disease Associations
Hyaline - May be nonspecific; seen in normal individuals or during severe
Urinary Casts and ... breakdown of cellular casts ... heme-granular casts ... Urinary tract infections ... 34t5DgJ #Urinary #Casts
Acute Kidney Injury - Classification
Prerenal:
 β€’ Dehydration
 β€’ Heart failure (a.k.a. cardiorenal syndrome)
 β€’ Liver failure
a.k.a. cardiorenal syndrome ... tubular necrosis (causes ... β€’ Medications ... Classification #diagnosis ... #nephrology
Possible Causes of Altered Urine Color 

Red 
    Foods: beets, blackberries, rhubarb
Possible Causes ... urinary tract infections ... urinary tract infection ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Nephrology
Priapism 

Secondary Causes:
Medications- intracavernosal injections, anticoagulants, PDE5 inhibitors, alpha blockers, methylphenidate, cocaine
Any hyperviscosity syndrome (SCD, leukemia,
Secondary Causes ... : Medications- ... intracavernosal injections ... hyperviscosity syndrome ... #Priapism #Diagnosis