pleural effusion #management #treatment #algorithm #diagnosis

Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS) Absolute Insulin deficit: - Type I DM: No insulin produced - Type II DM pts under large stresses that ↑ insulin demand Relative Insulin deficit: - inadequate production, insulin resistance, non-adherence to insulin TX, stresses ↑ Insulin demand: infections, food binges, etc Hyperglycemia → Glucosuria → Polyuria → Dehydration → Electrolyte imbalance → Polydipsia #dka #hhs #pathophysiology #comparison #endocrinology #diabetes #diabetic #ketoacidosis #hyperglycemic #hyperosmolar

Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) DKA is a result of an absolute or relative insulin deficiency, leading to ketoacidosis, volume depletion and hyperglycemia. Insulin is the primary anabolic hormone that allows peripheral tissues to uptake glucose. In the absence of insulin, the other counterregulatory hormones act together to break down triglycerides and stimulate gluconeogenesis. In DKA, the normal state of carbohydrate metabolism (driven by insulin) shifts to a starvation state and fat metabolism, leading to the characteristic abnormalities, including hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, hyponatremia, polyuria, and polydipsia. Please see details of the pathophysiology outlined in the figure/flowchart below. #Pathophysiology #Diabetic #Ketoacidosis #DKA #Diabetes #Endocrinology

Growth Patterns - Molds, Yeasts and Dimorphic • Mold - Arial mycelia and vegitative mycelia present at both environmental and body temperature. • Yeast - Bacterial-like growth at both environmental and body temperature. • Dimorphic - Mold-like growth at environmental temperatures and bacterial-like growth at both body temperature. - Cullen Lilley, MS, MDxT(AAB) @cullen_lilley #Molds #Yeasts #Dimorphic #Growth #Patterns #microbiology #fungal #fungus

Great Mimickers - SHALLOTS Mnemonic S- Syphilis - Neurosyphilis, aortitis, gummas... Granulomas can form anywhere! Skin, mucosa, joints, bones, lungs, testes, etc. H _ HIV - Hepatitis, dermatitis, dementia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphoma Kaposi sarcoma What doesn't HIV cause? A - Amyloid - Amyloid deposits everywhere so it can manifest as anything L - Lupus - Fevers, rashes, edema, dyspnea, ulcers, arthritis, alopecia, Raynaud, pericarditis, pleuritis, drug-induced Head is spinning? Could be lupus in the ear or brain. L - Lymphoma - Fevers, weight loss, splenomegaly, cytopenias, nausea, vomiting, headaches, seizures, hypercalcemia„. firm lymph nodes anywhere and everywhere T - Tuberculosis - Not just consumption- number one cause of adrenalitis worldwide - granulomas anpvhere. Search lorganl tuberculosis and always have it in the back of your mind S - Sarcoidosis - Not just a cough, and also rashes, arthritis, hepatomegaly, myositis, xerostomia, hypopituitarism, splenomegaly, fatigue, and oh yeah all that lymphadenopathy #Mimickers #SHALLOTS #Mnemonic #Diagnosis #Differential #Mimics