The Calgary Guide to Understanding Disease @TheCalgaryGuide
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Fecal Incontinence - Pathogenesis and Complications
Continence mechanisms are impaired
 • Local neuronal damage
 • External and
Fecal Incontinence ... Pathogenesis and Complications ... irritable bowel syndrome ... #Incontinence #geriatrics ... #pathophysiology
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: Mechanisms and Side Effects
 • Serotonin Syndrome:
   - Autonomic Hyperactivity:
• Serotonin Syndrome ... SSRI Withdrawal Syndrome ... Serotonin #Inhibitors #Pathophysiology ... #Pharmacology #SideEffects ... #Psychiatry #Diagnosis
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors(SNRIs): Mechanisms and Side Effects

Withdrawal: Dizziness, Diarrhea, Insomnia, Nausea, Vomiting
Serotonin Syndrome - Potentially Life
Vomiting Serotonin Syndrome ... SerotoninNorepinephrine #Inhibitors #Pathophysiology ... #Pharmacology #SideEffects ... #Psychiatry #Diagnosis
Anticonvulsants as Mood Stabilizers: Mechanism and Side-effect
Examples: Valproate, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine
 • Mild anticholinergic effect -> Drowsiness
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome ... MoodStabilizers #Mechanism #SideEffects ... #Pathophysiology ... #Psychiatry #Pharmacology
Prader-Willi Syndrome: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Maternal uniparental disomy: inheriting 2 copies of maternal chromosome
Prader-Willi Syndrome ... =>Prader-Willi Syndrome ... Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... #genetics #pathophysiology ... #peds #pediatrics
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Causes:
 • Large lumbar degenerative disc herniation (central)
 • Severe lumbar spondylosis
 • Neoplasm
Cauda Equina Syndrome ... Signs / Symptoms / Complications ... • Urinary and fecal ... #CaudaEquina #Syndrome ... #MSK #pathophysiology
Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Risk factor for Late Onset Alzheimer's (99% of cases):
 - Increasing
mutations - Down syndrome ... Signs / Symptoms / Complications ... AlzheimersDisease #Dementia #pathophysiology ... #geriatrics #diagnosis
Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Mild Non-proliferative DR
 • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
Hemorrhages • Focal ... Retinopathy #Diabetes #ophthalmology ... #diagnosis #complications ... #pathophysiology
Keratoconus: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Genetics
 • Family history of keratoconus
 • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
 • Down, Turner,
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome ... Turner, Marfan syndromes ... Signs / Symptoms / Complications ... #Keratoconus #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
-> Diffuse and focal ... #Retinopathy #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology ... signs #symptoms #complications