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endocrinology diagnosis differential pathophysiology algorithm causes drugs highcalcium hypocalcemia hypomagnesemia management medications parathyroid pharmacology pth regulation signs symptoms table treatment
Hormonal Regulation of the Blood Calcium concentration #Calcium #Regulation #Parathyroid #Calcitonin #Calcitriol #PTH #Endocrinology #Pathophysiology #Hormones
Hormonal Regulation ... of the Blood Calcium ... concentration #Calcium ... #Parathyroid #Calcitonin ... #Calcitriol #PTH
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Primary Hyperparathyroidism • Adenoma • Hyperplasia • MEN 1 and 2A Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia - ... long-standing secondary ... Autosomal Dominant Calcium ... Excess Vitamin D/Calcitriol ... Other • Excess Calcium
Hypomagnesemia (Serum level < 1.7 mg/dL) Neuromuscular manifestations • Tremor, tetany, seizures • Weakness
Abnormalities of calcium ... metabolism • Hypocalcemia ... • Parathyroid hormone ... Decreased synthesis of calcitriol
Hypercalcemia - Hormones and Pathophysiology Calcitriol: • Bones: Enhances mineralization • GI Tract: ↑ Ca2+
Hypercalcemia - ... Hormones and Pathophysiology ... Calcitriol: ... Ca2+, ↓ PO4- Calcitonin ... #Hormones #Pathophysiology
Pharmacologic Options for Hypercalcemia Associated with Cancer Rehydration with NS followed by loop diuretics • IV normal
Pharmacologic Options for Hypercalcemia ... conversion to calcitriol ... • Calcitonin ... resorption • Gallium ... osteoclast activity #hypercalcemia
Causes of Hypocalcemia by Clinical Cause Acute illness: pancreatitis, tumor lysis, severe illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism from
severe illness - Secondary ... low circulating calcium ... or parathyroid hormone ... absent parathyroid hormone ... Renal disease - Secondary
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