6 results
Hypomagnesemia (Serum level < 1.7 mg/dL)
Neuromuscular manifestations 
 • Tremor, tetany, seizures 
 • Weakness
dysrhythmias Hypokalemia ... metabolism • Hypocalcemia ... • Parathyroid hormone ... Decreased synthesis of calcitriol
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia - ... Hyperparathyroidism • Hypercalcemia ... long-standing secondary ... Hypocalciuria Hypercalcemia ... Paget's Disease #Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia - Hormones and Pathophysiology  
Calcitriol:
 • Bones: Enhances mineralization
 • GI Tract: ↑ Ca2+
Hypercalcemia - ... Hormones and Pathophysiology ... Calcitriol: ... Ca2+, ↓ PO4- Calcitonin ... +, ↓ PO4- #Hypercalcemia
Pharmacologic Options for Hypercalcemia Associated with Cancer
Rehydration with NS followed by loop diuretics
 • IV normal
Pharmacologic Options for Hypercalcemia ... conversion to calcitriol ... • Calcitonin ... osteoclast activity #hypercalcemia
Causes of Hypocalcemia by Clinical Cause

Acute illness: pancreatitis, tumor lysis, severe illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism from
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... severe illness - Secondary ... Family history of hypocalcemia ... or parathyroid hormone ... hyperparathyroidism #Hypocalcemia
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
Causes of Secondary ... bruit or signs of hormonal ... excess or hypokalaemia ... Hyperthyroidism, Hypercalcemia ... Jcortesizaguirr #Secondary