9 results
Causes of Hypermagnesemia
Increased magnesium load
 - Magnesium-containing laxatives, antacids, or enemas
 - Treatment of pre-edampsia/eclampsia (mothers
Causes of Hypermagnesemia ... neonates) - Diabetic ... absorption - Hyperparathyroidism ... insufficiency (Addison's ... Hypermagnesemia #Causes
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... resorption: • Primary hyperparathyroidism ... Renal failure, Addison's ... Hypercalcemia #Causes ... calcium #high #endocrinology
Hyperuricemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary - Over-production
     • Increased turnover of nucleotides
Primary
Endocrine • Hyperparathyroidism ... • Diabetic ... • Alcohol #gout ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #endocrinology ... #causes
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison's Disease - Damage of the adrenal glands with lack of cortisol, androgens and
Insufficiency Addison's ... Celiac disease, - Hypoparathyroidism ... - Type 1 diabetes ... insufficiency #addisons ... #disease #endocrinology
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ... diffusion of K+ out ... of cells may cause ... pathophysiology #endocrinology ... #diabetes
SGLT2 Inhibitors 
SGLT2 inhibitors are the newest class of anti-diabetic medications, with the first one (Canagliflozin)
class of anti-diabetic ... These work by inhibiting ... kidney), which causes ... Medications #DM2 #Diabetes ... #Endocrinology
Metformin Pharmacology Summary
Mechanisms of Action:
 • Suppresses gluconeogenesis by the liver
 • Increases insulin-mediated glucose utilization
mechanisms within the gut ... agent • Does not cause ... e.g. diarrhea, nausea ... #Summary #DM2 #diabetes ... #endocrinology
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists - Pharmacology Summary
Mechanisms of Action: Stimulate glucose-dependent insulin release from the pancreas (GLP-1
produced by the gut ... e.g. diarrhea, nausea ... not definitively cause ... #Summary #DM2 #diabetes ... #endocrinology
Hypermagnesemia - Diagnosis and Management

Hypermagnesemia is a serum magnesium concentration > 2.6 mg/dL.
Symptoms include hyporeflexia, hypotension,
mortality in ICU Causes ... and neonates), Diabetic ... magnesium absorption: Hyperparathyroidism ... insufficiency (Addison's ... helpful in severe cases