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differential management hyponatremia syndrome algorithm treatment gitelman hyperkalemia neurology acute causes cerebral chronic comparison druginduced drugs encephalopathy hypomagnesemia hypomg hypotonic
Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia • Direct renin inhibitor (Aliskiren) • Renin release inhibition (NSAIDs, Beta-Blockers)
(Heparin) • Sodium-channel ... • Exogenous (KCL ... #differential #diagnosis ... #pathophysiology ... pharmacology #potassium #medications
Modified Hyponatremia Algorithm Hypertonic Hyponatremia: Hyperglycemia, Mannitol, Urologic irrigants Hypotonic Hyponatremia: • ADH ON (UOsm > 100):
ON (UNa < 30): Hypovolemia ... > 30): SIADH, Medications ... osmostat, Cerebral salt ... Hyponatremia #Algorithm #diagnosis ... #sodium #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology ... autosomal recessive salt-losing ... thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride ... H+ secretion → Hypokalemia ... #nephrology #diagnosis
Cerebral Salt Wasting vs SIADH - Pathophysiology 1) Neurological event 2) Sodium loss from tubules 3) Naturiesis →
Cerebral Salt Wasting ... vs SIADH - Pathophysiology ... Neurological event 2) Sodium ... SaltWasting #SIADH #Pathophysiology ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Drugs associated with hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia Hypokalemia - Shift from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid compartment -
associated with hypokalemia ... overdose) - Sodium ... hypomagnesemia #Medications ... #differential #diagnosis ... #nephrology #Causes
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
thiazide-sensitive sodium ... thiazide-sensitive sodium ... Gitelman #Syndrome #diagnosis ... #nephrology #management ... #pathophysiology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
: SIADH, Renal Sodium ... Present (Uosm ≥100): Hypovolemia ... #differential #diagnosis ... #table #sodium ... #nephrology
Algorithm for Management of Acute and Chronic Hyperkalemia Acute Hyperkalemia: - IV calcium (10 mL of 10%)
Acute Hyperkalemia ... ) - IV sodium bicarbonate ... counseling (avoid salt ... /min) - Oral sodium ... Chronic #treatment #nephrology
Pragmatic diagnostic algorithm for hypokalemia. ***Typical presentations: • Vomiting: urine Na/Cl > 1.6, low urine
Pragmatic diagnostic ... algorithm for hypokalemia ... Other medications ... #diagnosis #differential ... #algorithm #nephrology
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis and Treatment Hyponatremia is usually caused by the inability to excrete water normally.
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis ... Always start with ... in 100 mL boluses ... Treatment #management #nephrology ... #sodium
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