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differential nephrology causes algorithm pharmacology acidosis aniongap binders binding classification comparison diuresis diuretics hypokalemia management metabolic nongap renal treatment
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Diagnosis Framework ... phlebotomy High ... (Uncontrolled diabetes ... Impaired Renal Excretion ... Medications 2.
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Diagnosis Framework ... phlebotomy High ... (Uncontrolled diabetes ... Impaired Renal Excretion ... Medications 2.
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm Decreased renal potassium excretion • Acute renal failure • Chronic renal failure • Drugs Increased
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic ... excretion • Acute ... • Drugs • Diabetic ... Normal, Renin High ... #Diagnosis #algorithm
Potassium-Binding Agents to Treat Hyperkalemia Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (Lokelma): • Mechanism: Preferentially captures K in exchange for
Potassium-Binding ... patients sensitive to high ... of aspiration #Potassium ... #medications #pharmacology ... #table #comparison
Causes of Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework • Cellular Shift: - Exercise
hyperosmolality - Medications ... Decreased Urinary Excretion ... to Aldosterone: K ... #Causes #potassium ... #high
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis ... Etiology: • Medications ... Excretion: ... Elimination (see Table ... #Treatment #potassium
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... Ketoacidosis: Diabetic ... Potassium-sparing ... ketosis with ketone excretion ... #differential #diagnosis
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
disequilibrium syndrome • Diagnosis ... Loop Diuretics; High-Ceiling ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... #Pharmacology #Medications ... #Table
Causes of Hyperkalemia l. Pseudohyperkalemia A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis B.
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Inadequate excretion ... Diabetes, diabetic ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #High #Potassium
Pragmatic diagnostic algorithm for hypokalemia. ***Typical presentations: • Vomiting: urine Na/Cl > 1.6, low urine
Pragmatic diagnostic ... urine Na/Cl < 0.7, high ... Tubulopathy: urine K/ ... correcting serum potassium ... Other medications
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