10 results
Localization of Renal Tubular Defects
Fanconi Syndrome: Proximal tubule
Bartter Syndrome: Thick ascending loop of Henle
Gitelman Syndrome: Distal
Bartter Syndrome ... Liddle Syndrome ... #Liddle #Syndrome ... Nephron #Defects #Pathophysiology ... #Nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Low Aldosterone: Liddle's ... thiazide diuretics, Bartter ... syndrome, Gitelman ... Algorithm #causes #potassium ... #low #nephrology
Inherited Defects in Kidney Tubule Epithelial Cells

Renal glucosuria - Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter
Cystinuria - Amino acid transporter
Bartter
acid transporter Bartter ... syndrome - Na-K ... ascending limb Gitelman ... Liddle syndrome ... Defects #Kidney #Nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
Gitelman Syndrome ... distal convoluted tubule ... • Bartter syndrome ... • Pseudo Bartter-Gitelman ... #pathophysiology
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine
Urine K+
the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ... mineralocorticoid excess, Liddle ... Mg2+ deficiency, Bartter ... syndrome, Gitelman ... #urine #potassium
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypertensive:
 • High Al, Low R - Primary aldosteronism
 • High Al, High
glycyrrhizic acid, Liddle's ... h - Diuretics, Bartter's ... syndrome, Gitelman's ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology ... #causes #low #potassium
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
treated with IV potassium ... mineralocorticoid excess, Liddle's ... Emesis, Diuretics, Bartter ... syndrome, Gitelman ... #nephrology #low
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
• Diuretics, Bartter's ... syndrome, Gitelman's ... glycyrrhizic acid, Liddle's ... algorithm #causes #nephrology ... #potassium
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis
ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L
 • Gastric alkalosis:
deficiency • Liddle ... actively working • Bartter ... furosemide-like lesion) • Gitelman ... other • Severe potassium ... Diagnosis #Causes #nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
diuretic use, Bartter ... syndrome, Gitelman ... syndrome, Hypomagnesemia ... in the proximal tubule ... of sodium and potassium