648 results
Unmeasured Anions Associated with an Elevated Anion Gap and Metabolic Acidosis

#Unmeasured #Anions #Gap #Metabolic #Acidosis #Diagnosis
Unmeasured Anions ... #Unmeasured #Anions ... #Differential #Causes
Pathological Optic Disc Cupping

Note cup-to-disc ratio at least 0.8 (physiologic limit of 0.5).

Thinning of optic disc
Usual cause is glaucoma ... Glaucoma causes ... of optic nerve axons
Internal Jugular Vein Rouleaux Flow on POCUS

Amazing video of a dilated IJV showing Rouleaux flow. Whenever
Rouleaux Flow on POCUS ... significantly, it causes ... echogenic as in this case ... for underlying cause ... Jugular #IJ #Vein #POCUS
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Low intake 
• poor oral intake 

Renal loss 
• Medication 
• Hypomagnesemia 
•
Nonreabsorbable anions ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Non-reabsorbable anions ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Acute Kidney Injury - Differential Diagnosis Framework
PRERENAL:
 - Intrarenal vasoconstriction-hemodynamically mediated
 - Systemic vasodilation
 - Volume
urinalysis, labs - Management ... or pigmented casts ... renal biopsy - Management ... treating underlying cause ... ultrasonography - Manaqement
Cotton Wool Spots

Caused by microinfarcts. Exploded ganglion cell axons extrude their axoplasm into retina. Long DDx:
Wool Spots Caused ... ganglion cell axons
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison's Disease - Damage of the adrenal glands with lack of cortisol, androgens and
aldosterone Causes ... : Most Common Causes ... Tuberculosis: can cause ... Dizziness • Nausea ... insufficiency #addisons
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
GI Losses - Gastric
 • Vomiting
 • NG suction
GI
Causes of Metabolic ... Non-reabsorbed anions ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Delirium Overview

 • What is Delirium?
 • Types of Delirium
 • Common Causes
 • Reversible Causes
Delirium • Common Causes ... • Reversible Causes ... • Drug-Induced Causes ... • Non-Pharm Management ... Delirium #diagnosis #management