14 results
DKA DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA:
1. Serum glucose >250 mg/dL
2. Arterial pH <7.3
3. Serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L
4. At least
and significant anion ... Common, early signs ... the increase in anion ... of the ketoacid anions ... continue until the anion
Pathyophysiology - hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes 
Key signs/symptoms of HHS/DKA:
Both: Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss,
Pathyophysiology ... diabetes Key signs ... symptoms of HHS/DKA ... , hypotension) DKA ... #EM #IM #Endo #DKA
Metabolic Acidosis with Anion Gap - KILU Mnemonic

K - Ketoacidosis
	• DKA
		- With normal glucose, ask if
Acidosis with Anion ... Ketoacidosis • DKA ... salicylates (+ resp alkalosis ... Uremia • The anion
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
Ketoacidosis (DKA ... Findings • Note: in DKA ... 3) Follow the anion ... Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... #pathophysiology
Salicylate Toxicity - Diagnosis and Management

Consider if:
1) Patient is hot and altered
2) You see tachypnea with
3) Labs show anion-gap ... Presentation seems like DKA ... , Shock Labs: Anion-Gap ... Acidosis, Respiratory Alkalosis
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology
Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology ... to be higher in Asians ... Hypokalemia Metabolic alkalosis ... Gitelman #Syndrome #Pathophysiology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
- Metabolic Alkalosis ... Non-reabsorbable anions ... RTA, Distal RTA, DKA
Femoral Head Fracture: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Posterior hip dislocation -> Impaction force from femoral
onto lateral hip Signs ... Changes • Non-union ... msk #diagnosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Inflammatory Disease: (i.e. GCA, SLE, GPA) ->
Ganglion cells and axons ... Occlusion #CRAO #pathophysiology ... ophthalmology #diagnosis #signs
Basics of Waveform Capnography
Waveform capnography assesses ventilation by monitoring exhaled carbon dioxide
Can use measurement and morphology
cycle to uncover pathophysiology ... regarding pulmonary pathophysiology ... loss of a-angle (aka ... oscillations - Sign