28 results
Localizing Extraocular Movement Disorders
 • CN Ill (Oculomotor) Nerve Palsy 
 • CN IV (Trochlear) Nerve
Localizing Extraocular Movement ... One-and-a-half Syndrome ... Skew Deviation Casey ... #Extraocular #Movement ... ophthalmology #neurology
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
disease - Alport syndrome ... pain hematuria syndrome ... • Nutcracker syndrome ... microscopic and ... #urology #nephrology
Alice in Wonderland Syndrome
What? Metamorphophsia - Distortions of the visual perceptions with changes in size (micro
in Wonderland Syndrome ... macropsia), color, movement ... • CNS: parietal ... (Many causes!) ... #diagnosis #neurology
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
hyperaldosteronism • Low Urine ... (late) • High Urine ... PRA: plasma renin ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Nephrology ... #Causes
Acute Kidney Injury - AKI Workup Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis
Baseline Investigations: full blood count with differential,
microscopy / urinary ... osmolarity If cause ... • Cardio-renal syndrome ... Differential #Diagnosis #nephrology ... #causes
Causes of Proteinuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Persistent Proteinuria >150mg/d protein present on repeat testing including overnight
Causes of Proteinuria ... • Fanconi's syndrome ... polyangiitis (GPA) / microscopic ... #Proteinuria #Nephrology ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Adie's Pupil
What? Unknown nature & benign
 • Regular and mildly dilated pupil (4-6mm);
 • Light-near dissociaton;
Unknown nature & benign ... Holmes-Adie Syndrome ... abnormal extraocular movements ... dissociation • Other causes ... #PhysicalExam #neurology
Peripheral and Central Causes of Vertigo
Peripheral Causes (Common):
 - Labyrinth: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Méniére disease,
Peripheral and Central Causes ... Vertigo Peripheral Causes ... - Labyrinth: Benign ... Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN ... differential #diagnosis #neurology
Simplified Approach to Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
1) IS THIS AN EMERGENCY? 
Is there a dialysis indication
require urgent nephrology ... isotonic fluids (NS ... IMPROVEMENT If the urine ... Assess UA w/ microscopy ... workup #diagnosis #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
wasting from other causes ... A urine K/Cr ratio ... suggests extra-renal causes ... • Diarrhea A urine ... differential #potassium #nephrology