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diagnosis differential algorithm urine alkalosis high hyperkalemia hypokalemia low management urinary acute aki chloride encephalopathy hematuria htn hypertension key kidneyinjury
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings • Epithelial cells - Normal • Renal tubular cells - Acute
Atlas of Urine Microscopy ... • Red cell casts ... • White cell casts ... crystals may indicate metabolic ... #nephrology #casts
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
treated with IV potassium ... wasting from other causes ... losses: • High Blood ... • Low/Normal Blood ... #nephrology #low
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Low intake • Metabolic ... Renovascular HTN, Renin ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #low ... #nephrology
Urinary Casts and Disease Associations Hyaline - May be nonspecific; seen in normal individuals or during severe
Urinary Casts and ... breakdown of cellular casts ... heme-granular casts ... edgarvlermamd - Nephrology ... #Diagnosis #Nephrology
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
urine • 1ml blood ... pain hematuria syndrome ... hematuria: - RBC casts ... #urology #nephrology ... #renal #urine #blood
Causes of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - Acute increase
• Hepatorenal syndromes ... Epithelial cell casts ... polyangiitis /microscopic ... hydronephrosis on UIS) • Benign ... #KidneyInjury #Nephrology
Secondary Causes of Hypertension - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypertension - BP > 140/90 (>130/80 for DM) Hypertensive urgency
visits, Ambulatory blood ... • Nephritic syndrome ... steroids) • Renin-Angiotensin ... Unilateral RAS Metabolic ... HTN #Secondary #Nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
• Normal/low blood ... , Gitelman syndrome ... the indicated causes ... of sodium and potassium ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis: Differential Diagnosis ECF volume contracted: urine chloride concentration <20 meq/L • Gastric alkalosis:
Causes of Metabolic ... mutation) • Renin-secreting ... other • Severe potassium ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes ... #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Crush injury • Blood ... - Tumor lysis syndrome ... infusions) - Metabolic ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology
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