19 results
Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure
Pathophysiology:
Chronic heart failure leads to an increase in inflammatory cytokines → Inflammation
Iron Deficiency ... Heart Failure Pathophysiology ... : Chronic heart ... improvement in symptoms ... diagnosis #management #cardiology
Feedback Loop: Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone:
 • Liver -> GHR activates JAK-STAT pathway -> Incr IGF1
lipolysis Signs/Symptoms ... : • GH deficiency ... : - Short ... endocrinology #pathophysiology
Xeropthalmia: Pathogenesis and Ocular Manifestations

Decr Visual pigment -> Keratinization, thickening & non-wetting of the conjunctiva
with vitamin A deficiency ... conjunctiva) • Bitot's spots ... #Xeropthalmia #pathophysiology ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms
Risk Factors and Signs of Copper Deficiency
Risk Factors:
 • Gastrointestinal: Previous upper bowel resection/bariatric surgery, Inflammatory
Signs of Copper Deficiency ... bowel disease, Chronic ... diarrhoea, Short ... drkeithsiau #Copper #Deficiency ... #riskfactors #symptoms
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
Chronic Hypertensive ... -> Cotton-wool Spots ... -> Elschnig's Spots ... #Retinopathy #pathophysiology ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms
Thiamine Deficiency - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Clinical Manifestations

Causes of Thiamine Deficiency:
 • Poor intake:
	- Diets
Thiamine Deficiency ... processed grains - Chronic ... Korsakoff Syndrome - Chronic ... : - Impaired short-term ... beriberi #nutrition #pathophysiology
Refeeding Syndrome Overview

What Is It?
	• Electrolyte/fluid shifts caused by initiation of nutrition in severely malnourished patient.
Malnutrition due to chronic ... Hypo-Mg2+ • Vitamin deficiency ... overload) Other Symptoms ... • Vitamin D deficiency ... Differential #Diagnosis #Pathophysiology
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Inflammatory Disease: (i.e. GCA, SLE, GPA) ->
Protein C & S deficiency ... , ATIII deficiency ... -> Cherry-red spot ... Occlusion #CRAO #pathophysiology ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms
Low Alkaline Phosphatase - Hypophosphatasia 

Is Low Alkaline Phosphatase Of Clinical Importance?

ALP enzyme- Discovered in 1923
Low
thigh bones -> chronic ... • Vitamin C deficiency ... Pernicious anemia/B12 deficiency ... collection with EDTA Pathophysiology ... mineralization Symptoms
Heart failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)
Clinical Presentation
1. Typical symptoms: dyspnea, orthopnea paroxysmal noctumal dyspnea, fatigue,
Typical symptoms ... dyspnea, orthopnea paroxysmal ... Less Typical Symptoms ... *Chronic HFrEF may ... diagnosis #management #cardiology