11 results
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
thiazide-like diuretics ... Postobstructive diuresis ... , Osmotic diuresis ... (mimics loop diuretic ... mimics thiazide diuretic
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Diuretics and Agents ... hyperreactivity • Urologic ... Symport (Loop Diuretics ... Kidney stones caused ... Diuretics) (Eplerenone
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND)

Definition:
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive disorders categories:
• Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment
• Mild neurocognitive impairment
• HIV dementia

Pathophysiology:
HIV frequently
dementia Pathophysiology ... and infects the CNS ... The clinical syndrome ... dysfunction like gait ... #AIDS #Neurology
CNS Infection in HIV / AIDS - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Principles of HIV-Associated CNS Opportunistic Infections:
 •
status, and focal neurologic ... Demyelinating disease caused ... , limb ataxia, gait ... visual changes, hearing ... InfectiousDiseases #Neurology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
diuretics, Saline ... improve GFR - Diuresis ... hypertonic Amp IVP • Diuretics ... (IV loop diuretic ... loop diuretic (
BEE Syndromes - Non-inflammatory Causes

Immune-mediated conditions affecting the Brain, Eye, and Ear

Visual or auditory symptoms in
Non-inflammatory Causes ... nervous system (CNS ... pachymeningitis • HIV ... sensorineural hearing ... #neurology #noninflammatory
Hearing Loss - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Hearing Loss Types:
• Conductive
• Sensorineural
• Mixed
Presbycusis is the most common type
include a: • Neurologic ... tympanic membrane • Neurologic ... auditory nerve (CN ... II ○ Susac’s syndrome ... zoster virus ○ HIV
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
diuretics • NSAIDs ... - Tumor lysis syndrome ... • SLE • Type IV ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... potassium #high #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
diuretics • NSAIDs ... - Tumor lysis syndrome ... • SLE • Type IV ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... potassium #high #nephrology
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
glycol (present in IV ... D-lactate (short bowel syndrome ... Volume depletion (diuresis ... acidosis: - CNS ... Diagnosis #Summary #Nephrology