26 results
Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
According to Volume Status ... - Nephrotic syndrome ... - Acute and ... chronic kidney disease ... Drugs - SIADH Renal
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Patients with Cancer 

Cancer Related 
• Hypercalcemia 
• Intravenous contrast 
•
Acute Kidney Injury ... gammopathy of renal ... malignancies Treatment ... Differential #Diagnosis #Classification ... #Nephrology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... of High-anion Gap ... failure (acute ... progressive kidney disease ... #nephrology
Types of Renal Calculi

Calcium oxalate
 - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
di-basic amino acids ... recessive genetic disease ... Mycoplasma infections, High ... - Antiviral treatment ... #diagnosis #causes
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Loop Diuretics; High-Ceiling ... Bumetanide, Ethacrynic acid ... Torsemide) • Acute ... caused by Ca2+ ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
Acid Base Disorders ... Acute or chronic ... Compensation, Acute ... D-lactate (short bowel syndrome ... restrictive lung disease
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
heart failure, neurologic ... Stage 2 hypertension ... Stage 3 hypertension ... disease: CKD, acute ... Neurologic disorders
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
 • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... after starvation, Acute ... steatorrhea) • Renal ... disease • Drugs ... Hypercalcemic states
Leukostasis vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Leukostasis:
 • Pathophysiology: Large, immature blasts and high WBC count cause hyperviscosity
immature blasts and high ... WBC count cause ... have fever - ACS ... , AKI, acute limb ... Elevated uric acid
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
- Tumor lysis syndrome ... - Hyperosmolar states ... • Addison’s disease ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology