26 results
Compelling and Possible Contraindications to Antihypertensive Drugs
Diuretics (thiazides)
 - Gout
 - Metabolic syndrome, Glucose intolerance, Pregnancy,
, Hypokalemia, Erectile ... diltiazem) - AV ... statins, digoxin) Beta ... , AV block (grade ... - Depression, AV
Bradycardia Diagnostic and Management Algorithm

CONSIDER ETIOLOGY (not inclusive): 
 - STRUCTURAL: sick sinus, AV block, ischemia,
and Management Algorithm ... STRUCTURAL: sick sinus, AV ... Hypothyroidism - TOX: beta-blockers ... TREATMENT - Drugs (beta-blockers ... Electrolytes (hyperkalemia
Beta Blocker Side Effects / Toxicity
Cardiac Side Effects:
 • Sinus bradycardia, AV block, Heart failure exacerbation,
Beta Blocker Side ... Sinus bradycardia, AV ... exacerbation, Beta ... blocker withdrawal ... Facilitation of hyperkalemia
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia
Drugs
 - Amiloride
 - Spironolactone
 - Triamterene
 - Trimethoprim
 - Pentamidine
 -
Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia ... Ketoconazole Low ... - NSAlDs - Beta-Blockers ... #Hyperkalemia ... #Algorithm #diagnosis
Antiarrhythmics - Vaughan Williams Classification:
CLASS 1 - Sodium Channel Blockers:
 • MOA: Block fast Na+ channels
duration CLASS 2 - Beta ... causing ↓SA node and AV ... interval to prolong AV ... alpha & beta adrenergic ... Classification #Classes #pathophysiology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... cells: Insulin, Beta-Agonist ... causes #potassium #low ... #pathophysiology
Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia 
 • Direct renin inhibitor (Aliskiren)
 • Renin release inhibition (NSAIDs, Beta-Blockers)
of Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia ... inhibition (NSAIDs, Beta-Blockers ... Sodium-channel blockers ... MunerMohamed1 #hyperkalemia ... differential #diagnosis #pathophysiology
BRASH Syndrome

B - Bradycardia
R - Renal failure
A - AV nodal blockade
S - Shock
H - Hyperkalemia

Typical ECG
Renal failure A - AV ... S - Shock H - Hyperkalemia ... a Ca2+ channel blocker ... , ß blocker, or ... diagnosis #management #pathophysiology
Bradycardia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

BRADI Mnemonic
 • BRASH/Hyperkalemia
 • Reduced oxygen/Glucose/Temp
 • ACS
 • Drugs
 •
+ AV nodal blocking ... Renal failure • AV ... Medications: • Beta ... blockers • Calcium ... channel blockers
Antiarrhythmics Pharmacology Summary
Cardiac Conduction Phases:
Phase 0 - Ventricular Depolarization:
 • Na+ channels open leading to a
duration CLASS 2 - Beta ... causing ↓SA node and AV ... interval to prolong AV ... alpha & beta adrenergic ... Classification #Classes #pathophysiology