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Bradycardia Diagnostic and Management Algorithm

CONSIDER ETIOLOGY (not inclusive): 
 - STRUCTURAL: sick sinus, AV block, ischemia,
Hypothyroidism - TOX: beta-blockers ... LIFE THREATENING CAUSES ... & TREATMENT - ... Drugs (beta-blockers ... Electrolytes (hyperkalemia
Drugs causing hyperkalemia
 • Impaired release of renin: NSAIDs, Beta blockers, Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, Diabetes, Elderly
 •
Drugs causing hyperkalemia ... renin: NSAIDs, Beta ... blockers, Cyclosporine ... Drospirenone #Drugs #hyperkalemia ... #medications #causes
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... cells: Insulin, Beta-Agonist ... #causes #potassium ... #low #pathophysiology
Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia 
 • Direct renin inhibitor (Aliskiren)
 • Renin release inhibition (NSAIDs, Beta-Blockers)
of Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia ... inhibition (NSAIDs, Beta-Blockers ... Sodium-channel blockers ... MunerMohamed1 #hyperkalemia ... differential #diagnosis #pathophysiology
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia
Drugs
 - Amiloride
 - Spironolactone
 - Triamterene
 - Trimethoprim
 - Pentamidine
 -
Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia ... inhibitors Other causes ... - NSAlDs - Beta-Blockers ... #Hyperkalemia ... #Algorithm #diagnosis
BRASH Syndrome

B - Bradycardia
R - Renal failure
A - AV nodal blockade
S - Shock
H - Hyperkalemia

Typical ECG
) BRASH Treatment ... • Aggressive treatment ... a Ca2+ channel blocker ... , ß blocker, or ... diagnosis #management #pathophysiology
Drugs that Impair Renal Potassium Excretion 

Decreased ENaC channel function: Amiloride, Triamterene, Pentamidine
Decreased Aldosterone Synthesis: Heparin,
Release: NSAIDs, Beta-Blockers ... happypillsrx/ #Hyperkalemia ... #Pathophysiology
Cyanide Toxicity 
Treatment:
1) Hydroxocobalamin + Cyanide = Cyanocobalamin (nontoxic) 
   or 
2) Amyl nitrite
Cyanide Toxicity Treatment ... Amyl nitrite - causes ... thiosulfate enhances conversion ... Toxicity #Toxicology #Pathophysiology ... #Management #Treatment
Bradycardia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

BRADI Mnemonic
 • BRASH/Hyperkalemia
 • Reduced oxygen/Glucose/Temp
 • ACS
 • Drugs
 •
Medications: • Beta ... blockers • Calcium ... channel blockers ... Spondylarthropathies Other causes ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Emergency Management of Hyperkalemia in Adults
Assess Patient - Airway Breathing Circulation Disability Exposure (ABCDE) Approach
 •
Management of Hyperkalemia ... mmol/L - Consider cause ... Prevention - Consider cause ... of hyperkalaemia ... #management #algorithm